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1. de Boer YS, Kosinski AS, Urban TJ, Zhao Z, Long N, Chalasani N, Kleiner DE, Hoofnagle JH; Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network. Features of autoimmune hepatitis in patients with drug-induced liver injury. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 15: 103-12. 27311619

References updated: 15 March 2026

Zimmerman HJ. Tetracyclines. In, Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999. p. 599-602.

(Expert review of tetracycline and liver injury published in 1999; the tetracyclines cause two forms of drug induced liver injury, microvesicular fat and liver failure occurring after 4-10 days with high doses of parenteral tetracyclines and an idiosyncratic liver injury that occurs with the oral agents, doxycycline causing a cholestatic and minocycline a hepatocellular injury which may be associated with autoimmune features).

Moseley RH. Tetracyclines. Hepatotoxicity of antimicrobials and antifungal agents. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013, p. 468.

(Expert review of tetracycline induced liver injury mentions that the hepatotoxicity of intravenous tetracycline is of historic interest only as it is no longer given parenterally; both doxycycline and minocycline have been associated with idiosyncratic liver injury).

MacDougall C, Chambers HF. Tetracyclines and glycylcyclines. Protein synthesis inhibitors and miscellaneous antibacterial agents. In, Brunton LL, Chabner KA, Knollman KC, eds. Goodman & Gilman’s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011, pp. 1521-6.

(Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).

Schultz JC, Adamson JS Jr, Workman WW, Norman TD. Fatal liver disease after intravenous administration of tetracycline in high dosage. N Engl J Med 1963; 269: 999-1004. PMID: 14059734

(Initial dramatic report of acute fatty liver due to iv tetracycline; a rapidly fatal multisystem disease appeared in 6 pregnant women in their last trimester or early postpartum period after 3 to 5 days of relatively high doses of iv tetracycline; all developed jaundice [bilirubin 4.9-12.5 mg/dL] with mild AST [72-170 U/L] and Alk P [9-17 King Armstrong U/L] elevations, prolongation of protime, acidosis and renal dysfunction. Autopsy showed foamy hepatocytes, fat by oil red O stain and minimal hepatocyte necrosis).

Dowling HF, Lepper MH. Hepatic reactions to tetracycline. JAMA 1964; 188: 307-9. PMID: 14114004

(Review of literature on acute fatty liver due to tetracycline and recommendations on its use: avoiding doses >2 g/day and cautious use in women in last trimester of pregnancy).

Horwitz ST, Marymont JH Jr. Fatal liver disease during pregnancy associated with tetracycline therapy. Report of a case. Obstet Gynecol 1964; 23: 826-9. PMID: 14168241

(After complicated Caesarian and emergency hysterectomy with shock and bleeding, 41 year old woman received tetracycline given iv for 4 days, then orally to day 8; on day 10 she developed fever, acidosis and ileus, dying on day 16 with multiorgan failure and jaundice; autopsy showed fatty liver).

Norman TD, Schultz JC, Hoke RD. Fatal liver disease following the administration of tetracycline. South Med J 1964; 57: 1038-42. PMID: 14179316

(Further analysis of 6 cases of acute fatty liver after tetracycline in pregnant women with histological changes).

Whalley PJ, Adams RH, Combes B. Tetracycline toxicity in pregnancy. Liver and pancreatic dysfunction. JAMA 1964; 189: 357-62. PMID: 14160508

(Five cases of acute fatty liver with azotemia and pancreatitis after 4-17 days of iv or oral therapy 1-2 g/day: bilirubin 1.2-18.8 mg/dL; AST 34-780 U/L; Alk P 8.6-22 BU/L; 1 case fatal. The anicteric case had pancreatitis and was attributed to oral drug but had fat on liver biopsy).

Brewer T. Tetracycline hepatotoxicity. Br Med J 1965; 1: 995. PMID: 14260641

(Letter questioning role of tetracycline in acute fatty liver).

Finn WF, Horwitz ST. Maternal death due to fatty metamorphosis of liver following tetracycline therapy. N Y State J Med 1965; 65: 662-7. PMID: 14251580

(After Caesarian section, followed by hysterectomy and pneumonia, 41 year old woman received iv tetracycline for 4 days, followed by oral and then iv drug again, developing shock and jaundice; autopsy showed fatty liver without necrosis).

Ichida F, Watanabe K, Ishiwara S, Inoue K, Tanabe Y. [A case of cholestatic jaundice due to tetracycline-triacetyloleandomycin] Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 1965; 54:142-7. Japanese. PMID: 5294320

Kunelis CT, Peters JL, Edmondson HA. Fatty liver of pregnancy and its relationship to tetracycline therapy. Am J Med 1965; 38: 359-77. PMID: 14266828

(Classical clinical and histologic description of syndrome in 12 pregnant women, ages 19-31, given tetracycline for 3 to 12 days [total dose 1.5 to 14 g] after 16-39 weeks of pregnancy [bilirubin 12-19.8 mg/dL, ALT 24-210 U/L, AST 36-760 U/L, lactic acid high in 3/3 patients], 67% fatal, often accompanied by multiorgan failure, pancreatitis and shock).

Tapp E, Carroll R. Tetracycline accumulation in toxic liver damage. J Pathol Bacteriol 1965; 89: 715-21. PMID: 14320315

(Animal studies showing accumulation of tetracycline in damaged hepatocytes, particularly with high levels of calcium).

Winterling AN, Goldman RL. Hepatic and renal lesions in a case of tetracycline toxicity during long-term estrogen therapy after orchiectomy. Calif Med 1965; 102: 314-6. PMID: 14291456

(66 year old man post-orchiectomy for prostate cancer developed sudden onset of fever, lactic acidosis and mild jaundice [bilirubin 2.9 mg/dL] after 8 days of iv tetracycline [17 g], subsequently died after emergency laparotomy; autopsy showed fatty liver).

Wruble LD, Ladman AJ, Britt LG, Cummins AJ. Hepatotoxicity produced by tetracycline overdosage. JAMA 1965; 192: 6-8. PMID: 14262279

(56 year old woman with cecal volvulus developed jaundice [bilirubin 7.8 mg/dL, AST 98 U/L, Alk P normal] 2 days after receiving 8 g of tetracycline, subsequently progressing to liver failure and death; autopsy showed fatty liver).

Wruble LD, Cummins AJ. Tetracycline and fatty liver. Am J Dig Dis 1965; 10: 742-4. PMID: 14316764

(Editorial on tetracycline induced acute fatty liver with discussion of mechanisms focusing on mitochondrial injury).

Tetracyclines and the liver in pregnancy. Lancet 1966; 1: 357-8. PMID: 4159865

(Editorial on the history of acute fatty liver of pregnancy, first described by Sheehan in 1940 and later linked to high dose iv tetracycline in pregnancy, but also in nonpregnant women and in men).

Davis JS, Kaufman RH. Tetracycline toxicity. A clinicopathologic study with special reference to liver damage and its relationship to pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1966; 95: 523-9. PMID: 5939019

(Six cases of acute fatty liver, 1 man and 5 women [4 pregnant] given intravenous tetracycline for 9-10 days [3-6 g] [bilirubin 3-12.5 mg/dL, ALT 34-310 U/L], all acidotic and all died, autopsy showing fatty liver).

Schiffer MA. Fatty liver associated with administration of tetracycline in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1966; 96: 326-32. PMID: 5919490

(Six cases of acute fatty liver from tetracycline, 2 in pregnancy at 34- and 40 weeks; 4 in nonpregnant women, but clinical course not described).

Aach R, Kissane J eds. Clinicopathologic conference. A seventeen-year-old girl with fatty liver of pregnancy following tetracycline therapy. Am J Med 1967; 43: 274-83. PMID: 6034958

(Clinicopathologic conference describing 17 year old pregnant woman who developed suspected pyelonephritis, was treated with im and oral tetracycline and 8 days later developed multiorgan failure, lactic acidosis and died despite induced delivery of a stillborn child).

Peters RL, Edmondson HA, Mikkelsen WP, Tatter D. Tetracycline-induced fatty liver in nonpregnant patients. A report of six cases. Am J Surg 1967; 113: 622-32. PMID: 6021433

(Classical description of clinical and histologic features of tetracycline induced acute fatty liver in nonpregnant patients; 6 nonpregnant women, ages 18-62, given iv tetracycline for 3-13 days [9-26 g] presenting with jaundice and lethargy; peak AST 52-960 U/L; bilirubin 2.7-7.4 mg/dL, often with complex and critical course, pancreatitis and renal failure, acidosis; fatty liver on autopsy).

Damjanov I, Arnold R, Faour M. Tetracycline toxicity in a nonpregnant woman. JAMA 1968; 204: 934. PMID: 5694615

(20 year old woman given iv tetracycline for 8 days after second of two gall bladder operations developed sudden onset of renal and hepatic failure [bilirubin 4.2 mg/dL, ALT 620 U/L], autopsy showed fatty liver and acute tubular necrosis).

Robinson MJ, Rywlin AM. Tetracycline-associated fatty liver in the male. Report of an autopsied case. Am J Dig Dis 1970; 15: 857-62. PMID: 5459744

(72 year old man given 10 days of iv tetracycline [30 g total] developed worsening liver injury followed by hepatic and renal failure and severe acidosis [bilirubin 6.8 mg/dL, AST 1550 KU/L, Alk P 15 KA U/L]; autopsy showed fatty liver, fatty vacuolization of renal tubular cells and pancreatitis).

Breen KJ, Perkins KW, Mistilis SP, Shearman R. Idiopathic acute fatty liver of pregnancy. Gut 1970; 11: 822-5. PMID: 5485832

(23 year old woman who survived acute fatty liver of pregnancy; onset day after spontaneous labor and stillborn delivery [bilirubin 7.9 mg/dL, Alk P 70 King Armstrong U/L, AST 67 U/L, prothrombin index 50%], liver biopsy showed fatty liver, improved with dextrose administration).

Combes B, Whalley PJ, Adams RH. Tetracycline and the liver. Prog Liver Dis 1972; 4: 589-96. PMID: 4569011

(Review of hepatotoxicity of tetracycline, including studies of pathogenesis).

Wenk RE, Gebhardt FC, Bhagavan BS, Lustgarten JA, McCarthy EF. Tetracycline-associated fatty liver of pregnancy, including possible pregnancy risk after chronic dermatologic use of tetracycline. J Reprod Med 1981; 26: 135-41. PMID: 7230149

(Two cases of acute fatty liver over a 15 year period and 60,000 deliveries; one woman received tetracycline for 3 days, the second had no history of its use, but had tetracycline detected in bony tissue suggestive of chronic use).

Böcker R, Estler CJ, Müller S, Pfandzelter C, Spachmüller B. Comparative evaluation of the effects of tetracycline, rolitetracycline and doxycycline on some blood parameters related to liver function. Arzneimittelforschung 1982; 32: 237-41. PMID: 7200783

(Minocycline caused a dose dependent rise in AST and increase in triglycerides, but no hepatic histological changes in mice; similar findings were previously reported with tetracycline).

Burette A, Finet C, Prigogine T, De Roy G, Deltenre M. Acute hepatic injury associated with minocycline. Arch Intern Med 1984; 144: 1491-2. PMID: 6732411

(57 year old woman developed jaundice after 4 days of iv minocycline for aspiration pneumonia: [bilirubin ~3.5 mg/dL, ALT 1050 U/L, Alk P 680 U/L, and high amylase], biopsy showed fatty liver with minimal inflammation).

Schrumpf E, Nordgard K. Unusual cholestatic hepatotoxicity of doxycycline in a young male? Scand J Gastroenterol 1986; 21 (Suppl 120): 68. Not in PubMed

(Abstract: Patient developed severe and prolonged cholestatic hepatitis after 2 weeks of oral doxycycline [bilirubin 9.8 rising to 69.5 mg/L, ALT 53 to 132 U/L, Alk P 283 to 775 U/L] and severe itching; ultimate recovery after 6 months).

Davies MG, Kersey PJ. Acute hepatitis and exfoliative dermatitis associated with minocycline. BMJ 1989; 298: 1523-4. PMID: 2527068

(16 year old boy and 17 year old girl developed severe hepatitis after 4 weeks of minocycline, both with severe skin rash [toxic epidermal necrolysis], fever, jaundice, lymphadenopathy and leukemoid reactions; one fatal, but history of travel to Africa and exposure to antimalarials).

Adams LE, Hess EV. Drug-related lupus. Incidence, mechanisms and clinical implications. Drug Saf 1991; 6: 431-49. PMID: 1793523

(Review of drug related lupus-like syndrome, linked to more than 60 agents including isoniazid, hydralazine, chlorpromazine, methyldopa and procainamide. Usually presents with arthralgias and fever and ANA positivity, usually occurring with long term use of the medication).

Böcker R, Estler CJ, Ludewig-Sandig D. Evaluation of the hepatotoxic potential of minocycline. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35: 1434-6. PMID: 1929305

(High dose studies in rats showed rises in AST and hepatic triglycerides, but no changes in liver histology).

Lienart F, Morissens M, Jacobs P, Ducobu J. Doxycycline and hepatotoxicity. Acta Clin Belg 1992; 47: 205-8. PMID: 1332350

(42 year old woman with severe cardiomyopathy developed encephalopathy and enzyme elevations with jaundice after 5 days of oral doxycycline [bilirubin 1.2 mg/dL, ALT 139 U/L, Alk P 373 U/L, ammonia 99 mcg/dL], resolving rapidly on stopping; likely due to heart failure and ischemia rather than drug induced liver injury).

Min DI, Burke PA, Lewis WD, Jenkins RL. Acute hepatic failure associated with oral minocycline: a case report. Pharmacotherapy 1992; 12: 68-71. PMID: 1532250

(39 year old woman developed fatigue and nausea after 4 weeks of minocycline and vitamin A [50,000 U bid] followed by high fever, lymphadenopathy and jaundice progressing to acute liver failure [bilirubin rising from 0.9 to 23.5 mg/dL, ALT 120 to 1625 U/L, Alk P 892 U/L], ultimately resolving spontaneously after stopping).

Boudreaux JP, Hayes DH, Mizrahi S, Hussey J, Regenstein F, Balart L. Fulminant hepatic failure, hepatorenal syndrome, and necrotizing pancreatitis after minocycline hepatotoxicity. Transplant Proc 1993; 25: 1873. PMID: 8470208

(17 year old girl developed acute liver failure while taking minocycline, but no information given on dose, latency or laboratory abnormalities).

Carson JL, Strom BL, Duff A, et al. Acute liver disease associated with erythromycins, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119 (7 Pt 1): 576-83. PMID: 8363168

(Case control study using Medicaid billing results between 1980-87 found 107 cases of hospitalization for unexplained hepatitis, odds ratios for erythromycin 5.2; sulfonamides 11.4; tetracyclines 5.2; total of 5 cases exposed to tetracycline, doxycycline or minocycline).

Hunt CM, Washington K. Tetracycline-induced bile duct paucity and prolonged cholestasis. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 1844-7. PMID: 7958700

(Two cases of severe and prolonged cholestatic hepatitis and bile duct paucity after oral tetracyclines; 37 year old woman developed jaundice 2 days after 3 day course of doxycycline with prolonged cholestasis [peak bilirubin 30 mg/dL], but ultimate recovery; 63 year old woman developed jaundice 6 weeks after a 2 week course of tetracycline [bilirubin 11.8 mg/dL, ALT 245 U/L], with prolonged jaundice [peak bilirubin 29.5 mg/dL) and persistence of enzyme elevations for >3 years [Alk P 631 U/L, ALT 97 U/L]).

Kaufmann D, Pichler W, Beer JH. Severe episode of high fever with rash, lymphadenopathy, neutropenia, and eosinophilia after minocycline therapy for acne. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 1983-4. PMID: 8074603

(35 year old woman developed fever, rash and eosinophilia 3 weeks after starting minocycline for acne with normal ALT, AST and bilirubin and resolution in ~10 days of stopping, indicating a serum sickness-like syndrome without hepatitis).

Friis H, Andreasen PB. Drug-induced hepatic injury: an analysis of 1100 cases reported to the Danish Committee on Adverse Drug Reactions between 1978 and 1987. J Intern Med 1992; 232: 133-8. PMID: 1506809

(Adverse drug reaction reports between 1978 and 1987 in Denmark; no tetracycline is mentioned as a cause).

Gordon PM, White MI, Herriot R, Martin JC, Reid DM. Minocycline-associated lupus erythematosus. Brit J Dermatol 1995; 132: 120-1. PMID: 7756122

(15 year old girl developed arthralgias and lupus-like syndrome after 2 years of minocycline therapy of acne; liver tests were normal, ANA 1:640, resolved with stopping).

Castex F, Canva-Delcambre V, Maunoury V, Talbodec N, Wolchies E, Paris JC. [Acute hepatitis induced by minocycline] Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1995; 19: 640-1. French. PMID: 7590035

(30 year old woman developed jaundice 8 days after starting minocycline [bilirubin 2.0 mg/dL, ALT 23 times ULN, Alk P normal, ANA negative], with resolution of liver test abnormalities within 1 month of stopping).

Gough A, Chapman S, Wagstaff K, Emery P, Elias E. Minocycline induced autoimmune hepatitis and systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome. BMJ 1996; 312: 169-72. PMID: 8563540

(Brief report of 4 cases of jaundice developing during long term minocycline therapy and review of 16 cases reported to British Committee on Safety of Medicines; no specific laboratory results provided).

Pillans PI. Drug associated hepatic reactions in New Zealand: 21 years’ experience. N Z Med J 1996; 109: 315-9. PMID: 8816722

(Adverse drug reaction reports identified 943 liver injuries over 21 years in New Zealand; triacetyloleandomycin accounted for 21 cases [2.1%] and minocycline for at least 4).

Goulden V, Glass D, Cunliffe WJ. Safety of long-term high-dose minocycline in the treatment of acne. Brit J Dermatol 1996; 134: 693-5. PMID: 8733373

(Prospective study of safety of 100-200 mg minocycline given daily for average of 10 months, 200 of 700 patients who had liver tests done, there were “no significant abnormalities”).

Knowles SR, Shapiro L, Shear NH. Serious adverse reactions induced by minocycline. Report of 13 patients and review of the literature. Arch Dermatol 1996; 132: 934-9. PMID: 8712844

(15 cases with adverse reactions to minocycline; one with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and acute liver failure arising within 29 days of starting minocycline, necessitating liver transplantation).

Malcolm A, Heap TR, Eckstein RP, Lunzer MR. Minocycline-induced liver injury. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: 1641-3. PMID: 8759678

(Three men and 3 women, ages 15-48, treated with minocycline for 4 weeks to 2 years developed liver injury [peak ALT 257 to 3824 U/L, 3 ANA positive, 3 with jaundice, most had mild eosinophilia], liver biopsy showed chronic hepatitis in 2, all recovered completely, two with corticosteroid therapy).

Tham SN, Kwok YK, Chan HL. Cross-reactivity in fixed drug eruptions to tetracyclines. Arch Dermatol 1996; 132: 1134-5. PMID: 8795565

(Among 9 Chinese patients with a fixed drug eruption due to tetracycline, all had recurrence on doxycycline and 3 on minocycline; no mention of liver involvement).

MacNeil M, Haase DA, Tremaine R, Marrie TJ. Fever, lymphadenopathy, eosinophilia, lymphocytosis, hepatitis, and dermatitis: a severe adverse reaction to minocycline. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 36 (2 Pt 2): 347-50. PMID: 9039216

(17 year old girl developed fever, lymphadenopathy, severe rash and mild hepatitis 3 weeks after starting minocycline for acne [bilirubin 2.3 mg/dL, ALT 134 U/L, Alk P 309 U/L, ANA negative] required corticosteroid therapy, but ultimately resolved).

Herzog D, Hajoui O, Russo P, Alvarez F. Study of immune reactivity of minocycline-induced chronic active hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42: 1100-3. PMID: 9149070

(16 year old girl developed arthralgias and anicteric hepatitis after 18 months of therapy with minocycline for acne [bilirubin evidently normal, ALT 392 U/L, Alk P normal, ANA 1:1280], resolved upon stopping; found serum antibodies to 90 kD and 50 kD fractions of HepG2 cells, possibly P-450 proteins).

Björnsson E, Lindberg J, Olsson R. Liver reactions to oral low-dose tetracyclines. Scand J Gastroenterol 1997; 32: 390-5. Review. PMID: 9140164

(32 year old man developed abdominal pain, dark urine and rash within 24 hours of starting doxycycline which he had received in the past [bilirubin 4.3- 8.1 mg/dL, ALT 3.5 times ULN, Alk P 1.1 times ULN], resolving within 3 months of stopping; thorough review of all published and SADRAC reported cases of oral tetracycline associated liver injury found 15 cases, only 6 rated as likely, none with tetracycline, 5 doxycycline, 1 lymecycline).

Bruguera M, Padrós J. [Acute hepatitis associated with treatment with minocycline] Med Clin (Barc). 1997; 108: 596. PMID: 9280793

(18 year old woman found to have enzyme elevations without symptoms or jaundice 1 month after starting minocycline [bilirubin normal, ALT 283, Alk P normal, ANA negative], resolving within 2-3 months of stopping).

Crosson J, Stillman MT. Minocycline-related lupus erythematosus with associated liver disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 36 (5 Pt 2): 867-8. PMID: 9146570

(22 year old woman developed arthralgias 2 years after starting minocycline therapy for acne [bilirubin 0.9 mgdL, ALT 292 U/L, Alk P 64 U/L, ANA 1:80], symptoms resolving rapidly upon stopping, but recurring abruptly after a single tablet, and serum ALT remained elevated for another 2 months before resolving).

Golstein PE, Deviere J, Cremer M. Acute hepatitis and drug-related lupus induced by minocycline treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 143-6. PMID: 8995955

(19 year old man developed fatigue, weight loss, arthralgias and liver test abnormalities after 20 months of therapy with minocycline for acne [bilirubin normal, ALT 374 U/L, Alk P normal, ANA 1:640, IgG 2280 mg/dL], resolving upon stopping, but ANA persisted in high titer [1:1280 9 months later]).

Hoefnagel JJ, van Leeuwen RL, Mattie H, Bastiaens MT. [Side effects of minocycline in the treatment of acne vulgaris] Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1997; 141: 1424-7. Dutch. PMID: 9542866

(Editorial on association of minocycline with lupus, autoimmune hepatitis, vasculitis and serum sickness-like syndromes).

Shapiro LE, Knowles SR, Shear NH. Comparative safety of tetracycline, minocycline, and doxycycline. Arch Dermatol 1997; 133: 1224-30. PMID: 9382560

(Review of toxicity of tetracyclines from literature and a Canadian database; minocycline had the highest rates of adverse events, but all were relatively safe: no lupus-like syndrome associated with doxycycline or tetracycline).

Angulo JM, Sigal LH, Espinoza LR. Coexistent minocycline-induced systemic lupus erythematosus and autoimmune hepatitis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1998; 28: 187-92. PMID: 9872479

(22 year old woman with arthralgias and jaundice after 1 year of minocycline therapy for acne [bilirubin 3.2 mg/dL, ALT 916 U/L, Alk P 204 U/L, ANA 1:640], resolving upon stopping, but arthralgias required prednisone for 18 months).

Bhat G, Jordan J Jr, Sokalski S, Bajaj V, Marshall R, Berkelhammer C. Minocycline-induced hepatitis with autoimmune features and neutropenia. J Clin Gastroenterol 1998; 27: 74-5. PMID: 9706776

(18 year old man developed hepatitis after 2 years of intermittent therapy with minocycline [bilirubin 4.8 mg/dL, ALT 1270 U/L, Alk P 117 U/L, ANA 1:1280], rapid response to prednisone and no relapse when stopped).

Matteson EL, Johnson BW, Maher JD. Arthralgias, myalgias, and autoimmune hepatitis with minocycline therapy. J Rheumatol 1998; 25: 1653-4. PMID: 9712119

(20 year old man developed fever and arthralgias after taking minocycline for 5 years for acne [no mention of bilirubin or jaundice, ALT 307 U/L, ANA 1:5280], full recovery 4 weeks after stopping).

Pavese P, Sarrot-Reynauld F, Bonadona A, Massot C. [Immunoallergic reaction with hepatitis induced by minocycline] Ann Med Interne (Paris) 1998; 149: 521-3. French. PMID: 10021906

(19 year old woman developed lupus-like syndrome and hepatitis after 2 years of minocycline therapy, resolving within 2 months of stopping).

Teitelbaum JE, Perez-Atayde AR, Cohen M, Bousvaros A, Jonas MM. Minocycline-related autoimmune hepatitis: case series and literature review. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998; 152: 1132-6. PMID: 9811293

(Three case reports of chronic autoimmune-like hepatitis in 15-16 year olds, arising 1-1.5 years after starting minocycline for acne [bilirubin normal to 26 mg/dL, ALT 363, 988 and 904 U/L, Alk P normal, all with ANA and high IgG], resolving in 2 to 9 months, 2 treated with prednisone; literature review).

Angulo JM, Sigal LH, Espinoza LR. Minocycline induced lupus and autoimmune hepatitis. J Rheumatol 1999; 26: 1420-1. PMID: 10381074

(22 year old woman had sudden onset of arthralgias and then jaundice after a year of minocycline for acne [bilirubin 3.2 mg/dL, ALT 916 U/L, Alk P 204 U/L, ANA 1:2560], biopsy showing chronic hepatitis, resolving rapidly upon stopping, but arthralgias required long term prednisone).

Dadamessi I, Leduc I, Duché A, et al. [Autoimmune hepatitis and lupus syndrome associated with minocycline] Rev Med Interne 1999; 20: 930-3. French. PMID: 10573731

(25 year old woman had two episodes of ALT elevations [peak 266 and 256 U/L, ANA 1:140 and 1:320] arising during minocycline therapy [first asymptomatic, second with arthralgias], resolving each time with discontinuation).

Elkayam O, Yaron M, Caspi D. Minocycline-induced autoimmune syndromes: an overview. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1999; 28: 392-7. PMID: 10406406

(Systematic review of literature on autoimmune syndromes from minocycline, 4 patterns: serum sickness, lupus-like syndrome, autoimmune hepatitis and vasculitis; usually presenting after 1-20 years, ANA common but so is pANCA, features may overlap, hepatitis most common: 66 cases reported).

Westermann GW, Böhm M, Bonsmann G, Rahn KH, Kisters K. Chronic intoxication by doxycycline use for more than 12 years. J Intern Med 1999; 246: 591-2. PMID: 10620103

(38 year old man took large doses of doxycycline chronically and developed repeated bouts of mild jaundice [bilirubin 3.4-5.0 mg/dL, ALT 44-118 U/L, Alk P 466 U/L] and weakness, skin discoloration and heart block, resolving upon stopping).

Sturkenboom MC, Meier CR, Jick H, Stricker BH. Minocycline and lupuslike syndrome in acne patients. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159: 493-7. PMID: 10074958

(Case control study in 27,688 acne patients in UK database, risk of lupus increased 8.5 fold in minocycline treated patients, not with other tetracyclines, typically long term therapy; liver involvement not mentioned; more common in women, absolute risk low).

Colmegna I, Perandones CE, Chaves JG. Minocycline induced lupus and autoimmune hepatitis. J Rheumatol 2000; 27: 1567-8. PMID: 10852297

(22 year old woman developed fever and polyarthralgias after 40 days of 9th course of minocycline for acne [bilirubin 4.9 mg/dL, ALT 1300 U/L and ESR 100], resolving rapidly but with prolonged rheumatological complaints requiring prednisone long term: ANA negative).

Goldstein NS, Bayati N, Silverman AL, Gordon SC. Minocycline as a cause of drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis. Report of four cases and comparison with autoimmune hepatitis. Am J Clin Pathol 2000; 114: 591-8. PMID: 11026106

(Four cases of minocycline hepatitis and comparison to 10 spontaneous autoimmune hepatitis cases showed no distinguishing features except resolution with stopping drug; 16-52 year old women developed liver injury 4 months to 12 years after starting minocycline [bilirubin 0.4, 1.2, 6.5 and 7.3 mg/dL, ALT 137, 343, 700, and 1288 U/L, Alk P 49, 83, 138 and 253 U/L, all ANA positive], histology showed fibrosis in 2, all responded to prednisone with resolution persisting after stopping corticosteroids).

Lawrenson RA, Seaman HE, Sundström A, Williams TJ, Farmer RD. Liver damage associated with minocycline use in acne: a systematic review of the published literature and pharmacovigilance data. Drug Saf 2000; 23: 333-49. PMID: 11051220

(Systematic review of cases of liver injury from minocycline in patients with acne defining two patterns – acute and chronic with different latencies, associated findings and potential outcomes).

Pohle T, Menzel J, Domschke W. Minocycline and fulminant hepatic failure necessitating liver transplantation. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 560-1. PMID: 10685779

(20 year old woman given minocycline for 3 years for acne developed autoimmune hepatitis but did not stop minocycline and progressed to hepatic failure and need for transplant 2 months later [bilirubin 11.7 rising to 25.4 mg/dL, ALT 199 U/L, GGT 34 U/L, ANA positive, IgG 2220 mg/dL]).

Tomer G, Shneider BL. Minocycline-induced hepatitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000; 30: 105-6. PMID: 10630451

(Editorial on minocycline and liver injury in children).

Bachmeyer C, Cadranel JF. Minocycline-induced lupus and autoimmune hepatitis: family autoimmune disorders as possible risk factors. Dermatology 2002; 205: 185-6. PMID: 12218241

(15 year old girl treated for 3 years with minocycline for acne developed polyarthritis, but no jaundice [bilirubin normal, ALT 4 times ULN, Alk P normal, anti-DNA positive, ANA 1:1280], resolving slowly upon stopping with all tests normal at 6 months, except ANA which was still 1:320 12 months later).

Abe M, Furukawa S, Takayama S, Michitaka K, Minami H, Yamamoto, Horiike N, et al. Drug-induced hepatitis with autoimmune features during minocycline therapy. Intern Med 2003; 42: 48-52. PMID: 12583618

(25 year old Japanese woman developed jaundice after 1 year of minocycline therapy for acne [bilirubin 23.7 mg/dL, ALT 2074 U/L, Alk P 138 U/L, IgG 2110 mg/dL, ANA 1:160], resolving with 3 month course of prednisone, no relapse with stopping).

Real Martínez Y, Medina S. [Acute hepatitis and minocycline] Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2003; 95: 741-2. Spanish. PMID: 14588070

(14 year old boy developed jaundice after 5 months of minocycline therapy for acne [bilirubin 5.1 mg/dL, ALT 2376 U/L, GGT 83 U/L, IgG 1734 mg/dL, ANA negative, SMA 1:320], treated with corticosteroids for 5 months and no relapse when stopped).

Selimoglu MA, Ertekin V. Autoimmune hepatitis triggered by Brucella infection or doxycycline or both. Int J Clin Pract 2003; 57: 639-41. PMID: 14529072

(11 year old girl was found to have abnormal liver tests 3 weeks after finishing a 6 week course of doxycycline for acute brucellosis [bilirubin 1.2 mg/dL, ALT 222 U/L, Alk P 561 U/L, ANA negative, HLA B8 DRB1*03], a liver biopsy showing inflammation, necrosis and bridging fibrosis, improving on prednisone therapy, relapsing on stopping and ultimately requiring long term azathioprine therapy).

Russo MW, Galanko JA, Shrestha R, Fried MW, Watkins P. Liver transplantation for acute liver failure from drug-induced liver injury in the United States. Liver Transpl 2004; 10: 1018-23. PMID: 15390328

(Among ~50,000 liver transplants done in the US between 1990 and 2002, 270 [0.5%] were done for drug induced acute liver failure, none of which were attributed to minocycline, doxycycline or tetracycline).

Björnsson E, Jerlstad P, Bergqvist A, Olsson R. Fulminant drug-induced hepatic failure leading to death or liver transplantation in Sweden. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005; 40: 1095-1101. PMID: 16165719

(Among 103 cases of fulminant drug induced liver injury reported to a Swedish registry between 1966 and 2002, one case was attributed to doxycycline, but no other tetracycline mentioned).

Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Fernández MC, Pelaez G, Pachkoria K, Garcia-Ruiz E, Garcia-Munoz B, et al. Drug-induced liver injury: an analysis of 461 incidences submitted to the Spanish Registry over a 10-year period. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 512-21. PMID: 16083708

(Reports to a Spanish network found 461 cases of drug induced liver disease; no tetracycline was listed among the top 20 agents implicated [at least 5 cases]).

Smith K, Leyden JJ. Safety of doxycycline and minocycline: a systematic review. Clin Ther 2005; 27: 1329-42. PMID: 16291409

(Systematic review of overall safety of doxycycline and minocycline stressing overall low rate of adverse events [13-72 per million prescriptions]; little mention of liver toxicity).

Galan MV, Potts JA, Silverman AL, Gordon SC. The burden of acute nonfulminant drug-induced hepatitis in a United States tertiary referral center. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 39: 64-7. PMID: 15599214

(Ten year experience of 96 patients with acute liver injury, 64 were due to viral hepatitis and 32 to drugs; minocycline accounted for 4 cases and ranked second in frequency [7 from amiodarone and 4 from amoxicillin/clavulanate]).

Chamberlain MC, Schwarzenberg SJ, Akin EU, Kurth MH. Minocycline-induced autoimmune hepatitis with subsequent cirrhosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006; 42: 232-5. PMID: 16456421

(15 year old boy developed signs of cirrhosis after 1 year of minocycline therapy [bilirubin 2.5 mg/dL, ALT 67-83 U/L, Alk P normal, ANA 1:40, anti-DNA positive], treated with 6-mercaptopurine and prednisone with only partial response and found to have cirrhosis on follow up liver biopsy).

Björnsson E, Olsson R. Suspected drug-induced liver fatalities reported to the WHO database. Dig Liver Dis 2006; 38: 33-8. PMID: 16054882

(Survey of drug induced liver fatalities reported to WHO database between 1968-2003 revealed 4690 reports – 89% from the US; the list of most 21 most commonly implicated drugs did not include a tetracycline).

Basude D, Dhawan A. Re: Minocycline-induced autoimmune hepatitis with subsequent cirrhosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007; 44: 389; author reply 389-90. PMID: 17325565

(Letter in response to Chamberlain [2006] arguing that the child likely had a preexisting cryptogenic cirrhosis not related to minocycline therapy).

Margolis DJ, Hoffstad O, Bilker W. Association or lack of association between tetracycline class antibiotics used for acne vulgaris and lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol 2007; 157: 540-6. PMID: 17596147

(Analysis of UK database on 97,694 subjects with acne, 25% received minocycline, 16% doxycycline and 45% other tetracyclines. Hazard ratio for lupus-like syndrome was 3.11 for minocycline; no increased risk or association with doxycycline or other tetracyclines).

Egiguren L, Minondo L, Zapata E, Castiella A. [Patient with autoimmune hepatitis and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura after minocycline therapy] Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 30: 565-6. Spanish. PMID: 17980139

(15 year old girl developed jaundice 1 month after starting minocycline therapy for acne [bilirubin 4.4 mg/dL, ALT 1232 U/L, Alk P 555 U/L, ANA 1:1280], developing idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura when treated with prednisone; no follow up available).

Losanoff JE, Holder-Murray JM, Ahmed EB, Cochrane AB, Testa G, Millis JM. Minocycline toxicity requiring liver transplant. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52: 3242-4. PMID: 17404879

(33 year old woman developed jaundice 7 weeks after starting minocycline for acne [bilirubin 9.9 mg/dL, ALT 882 U/L, Alk P 191 U/L, ANA positivity], with subsequent worsening despite stopping drug, ultimately requiring liver transplantation; graft showed massive necrosis).

Heaton PC, Fenwick SR, Brewer DE. Association between tetracycline or doxycycline and hepatotoxicity: a population based case-control study. J Clin Pharm Ther 2007; 32: 483-7. PMID: 17875115

(Analysis of 2 years of Medicaid claims in California found 3377 cases of “hepatotoxicity”; 20 had received tetracycline <45 days before onset; only 4 controls had: adjusted odds ratio 3.7; not elevated for doxycycline; this despite safety record of oral tetracyclines and known hepatotoxicity of doxycycline).

Ford TJ, Dillon JF. Minocycline hepatitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 20: 796-9. PMID: 18617786

(20 year old developed fatigue and jaundice 1 year after starting minocycline for acne [bilirubin 5.0 mg/dL, AST 1095 U/L, Alk P 178 U/L, ANA 1: 2560], resolving within 1-2 months of stopping accompanied by fall in ANA titers to normal).

Meropol SB, Chan KA, Chen Z, Finkelstein JA, Hennessy S, Lautenbach E, Platt R, et al. Adverse events associated with prolonged antibiotic use. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2008 17: 423-32. PMID: 18215001

(Analysis of 3 large UK and US databases on medication use and clinical outcomes covering ~6 million patients for adverse events related to >1 month of either amoxicillin [0-1.2/100,000], ciprofloxacin [0-5.7/100,000] and doxycycline [0-0.9/100,000 person days], but no mention of liver toxicities).

Carrascosa MF, Lucena MI, Andrade RJ, Caviedes JRS, et al. Fatal acute hepatitis after sequential treatment with levofloxacin, doxycycline, and naproxen in a patient presenting with acute Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Clin Ther 2009; 31: 1014-19. PMID: 19539102

(63 year old man developed acute liver injury 1 week after starting a 3 day course of levofloxacin and 5 days after starting doxycycline [bilirubin 4.0 rising to >35 mg/dL, ALT 1577 U/L, Alk P 189 U/L], with subsequent progressive liver failure and death; biopsy showed massive necrosis).

Chalasani N, Fontana RJ, Bonkovsky HL, Watkins PB, Davern T, Serrano J, Yang H, Rochon J; Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN). Causes, clinical features, and outcomes from a prospective study of drug-induced liver injury in the United States. Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 1924-34. PMID: 18955056

(Among 300 cases of drug induced liver disease in the US collected from 2004 to 2008, minocycline accounted for 3 cases, doxycycline for 3 cases and tetracycline was listed as a secondary possible cause for one).

Chavant F, Lafay-Chebassier C, Beauchant M, Perault-Pochat MC. [Doxycycline induced hepatitis]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2008; 32: 825-7. French. PMID: 18823729

(37 year old man developed fatigue 6 weeks after starting doxycycline [bilirubin 2.8 mg/dL, ALT 2322 U/L, Alk P 184 U/L, ANA 1:100], resolving within 6 weeks of stopping).

Robles DT, Leonard JL, Compton N, Waghmare A, McDonough KA, George E, Wolgamot G, Fleckman P. Severe drug hypersensitivity reaction in a young woman treated with doxycycline. Dermatology 2008; 217: 23-6. PMID: 18332631

(20 year old woman developed severe rash and fever 3 weeks after starting doxycycline for acne [bilirubin 2.5 mg/dL, ALT 133 U/L, Alk P 205 U/L, eosinophils 980/µL], requiring intubation and corticosteroid therapy and 3 week hospitalization, ultimately resolving).

Maubec E, Wolkenstein P, Loriot MA, Wechsler J, Mulot C, Beaune P, Revuz J, Roujeau JC. Minocycline-induced DRESS: evidence for accumulation of the culprit drug. Dermatology 2008; 216: 200-4. PMID: 18182810

(Review of 9 patients with DRESS syndrome due to minocycline; 8 women and 1 man, ages 15-45, onset after 16 to 60 days, 8 with liver “dysfunction”, resolving after 1 to 8 months, but two died, not of liver disease).

Ramakrishna J, Johnson AR, Banner BF. Long-term minocycline use for acne in healthy adolescents can cause severe autoimmune hepatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2009; 43: 787-90. PMID: 19262406

(Three cases of minocycline hepatotoxicity; 16 year olds with onset of jaundice 2, 13 and 24 months after starting minocycline for acne [bilirubin 19.6, 9.1 and 9.5 mg/dL, ALT 1282, 2306 and 2056 U/L, ANA 1:160-1:640], liver biopsies showing hepatitis and fibrosis; all treated with corticosteroids, 2 requiring prolonged therapy).

Ferrajolo C, Capuano A, Verhamme KM, Schuemie M, Rossi F, Stricker BH, Sturkenboom MC. Drug-induced hepatic injury in children: a case/non-case study of suspected adverse drug reactions in VigiBase. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 70: 721-8. PMID: 21039766

(Worldwide pharmacovigilance database containing 9036 hepatic adverse drug reactions in children includes 117 cases attributed to minocycline, but no other tetracycline listed in the top 40 causes).

Devarbhavi H, Dierkhising R, Kremers WK, Sandeep MS, Karanth D, Adarsh CK. Single-center experience with drug-induced liver injury from India: causes, outcome, prognosis, and predictors of mortality. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 2396-404. PMID: 20648003

(313 cases of drug induced liver injury were seen over a 12 year period at a large hospital in Bangalore, India; none were due to tetracyclines).

Reuben A, Koch DG, Lee WM; Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Drug-induced acute liver failure: results of a U.S. multicenter, prospective study. Hepatology 2010; 52: 2065-76. PMID: 20949552

(Among 1198 patients with acute liver failure enrolled in a US prospective study between 1998 and 2007, 133 were attributed to drug induced liver injury and 25 to antituberculosis agents, including 15 to isoniazid alone [ranking first], 6 to isoniazid combined with other agents, 3 to rifampin and pyrazinamide, and 1 to dapsone).

Björnsson E, Talwalkar J, Treeprasertsuk S, Kamath PS, Takahashi N, Sanderson S, Neuhauser M, Lindor K. Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis: clinical characteristics and prognosis. Hepatology 2010; 51: 2040-8. PMID: 20512992

(Among 261 cases of autoimmune hepatitis seen at the Mayo Clinic between 1997 and 2007, 24 were attributed to drugs, 11 to minocycline, 11 to nitrofurantoin and 2 to others; all responded to corticosteroid therapy and all who were withdrawn did not relapse).

Casella G, Villanacci V, Di Bella C, Drera E, Baldini V, Bassotti G. Acute hepatitis caused by minocycline. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2010; 102: 668. PMID: 21142391

(80 year old woman was found to have enzyme elevations after a year of minocycline therapy [bilirubin 2.2 mg/dL, ALT 721 U/L, GGT 107 U/L, ANA 1:320, INR 1.2], responding to corticosteroid therapy, and enzymes remained normal after their discontinuation).

Mailhol C, Tremeau-Martinage C, Paul C, Godel A, Lamant L, Giordano-Labadie F. [Severe drug hypersensitivity reaction (DRESS syndrome) to doxycycline]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2010; 137: 40-3. French. PMID: 20110067

(59 year old woman developed fever, rash and facial edema 3 weeks after starting doxycycline for malaria prophylaxis [bilirubin normal, ALT 278 U/L, eosinophils 15%, atypical lymphocytosis], resolving on discontinuation).

Leitner JM, Graninger W, Thalhammer F. Hepatotoxicity of antibacterials: Pathomechanisms and clinical. Infection 2010; 38: 3-11. PMID: 20107858

(Review of hepatotoxicity of antibiotics; mentions that hepatotoxicity from oral tetracycline is rare ~1.5 cases per million prescriptions, whereas minocycline has been associated with either an immediate reaction with eosinophilia, dermatitis and enzyme elevations or a delayed autoimmune hepatitis-like syndrome).

Glenn C, Feldman SR. Letter: Tetracycline-induced hepatotoxicity. Dermatol Online J 2011; 17: 14. PMID: 22233750

(49 year old woman developed fatigue, edema, low albumin and raised alkaline phosphatase levels [bilirubin and ALT normal] 6 months after starting oral tetracycline for rosacea, albumin and alkaline phosphatase levels returning to normal upon stopping, later tolerating doxycycline).

Czaja AJ. Drug-induced autoimmune-like hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56: 958-76. PMID: 21327704

(Review of drug induced autoimmune hepatitis-like syndromes, most commonly caused by nitrofurantoin and minocycline, but also with hydralazine, methyldopa and more rarely with statins, fibrates, NSAIDs, various herbals and tumor necrosis factor antagonists).

Aldenhoven M, van Enk JG, Avis WA. [Minocycline-induced autoimmune hepatitis]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2013; 157: A5465. Dutch. PMID: 23328022

(Abstract: 14 year old girl developed liver injury with positive ANA after long term use of minocycline, resolving after stopping the drug without corticosteroid therapy).

Björnsson ES, Bergmann OM, Björnsson HK, Kvaran RB, Olafsson S. Incidence, presentation and outcomes in patients with drug-induced liver injury in the general population of Iceland. Gastroenterology 2013; 144: 1419-25. PMID: 23419359

(In a population based study of drug induced liver injury from Iceland, 96 cases were identified over a 2 year period, 2 were attributed to doxycycline but none to minocycline).

Hernández N, Bessone F, Sánchez A, di Pace M, Brahm J, Zapata R, A Chirino R, et al. Profile of idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury in Latin America. An analysis of published reports. Ann Hepatol 2014; 13: 231-9. PMID: 24552865

(Systematic review of literature of drug induced liver injury in Latin American countries published from 1996 to 2012 identified 176 cases, 37 of which were attributed to an antibiotic, but none to a tetracycline).

deLemos AS, Foureau DM, Jacobs C, Ahrens W, Russo MW, Bonkovsky HL. Drug-induced liver injury with autoimmune features. Semin Liver Dis 2014; 34: 194-204. PMID: 24879983

(Review of drug induced autoimmune hepatitis with examples due to methyldopa, hydralazine, minocycline and nitrofurantoin).

Douros A, Bronder E, Andersohn F, Klimpel A, Thomae M, Sarganas G, Kreutz R, et al. Drug-induced liver injury: results from the hospital-based Berlin Case-Control Surveillance Study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 79: 988-99. PMID: 25444550

(Among 76 inpatients with hepatitis of unknown cause enrolled in a prospective case-cohort surveillance study between 2002 and 2011, one was attributed to doxycycline, but no other tetracycline was implicated).

Chalasani N, Bonkovsky HL, Fontana R, Lee W, Stolz A, Talwalkar J, Reddy KR, et al.; United States Drug Induced Liver Injury Network. Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: The DILIN Prospective Study. Gastroenterology 2015; 148: 1340-52.e7. PMID: 25754159

(Among 899 cases of drug induced liver injury enrolled in a US prospective study between 2004 and 2013, 323 [36%] were attributed to antibiotics including 28 [3%] to minocycline and 4 [0.4%] to doxycycline).

Urban TJ, Nicoletti P, Chalasani N, Serrano J, Stolz A, Daly AK, Aithal GP, et al; Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN); Pharmacogenetics of Drug-Induced Liver Injury group (DILIGEN); International Serious Adverse Events Consortium (iSAEC). Minocycline hepatotoxicity: clinical characterization and identification of HLA-B∗35:02 as a risk factor. J Hepatol 2017; 67: 137-44. PMID: 28323125

(The uncommon HLA allele B*35:02 was found in 4 of 25 [16%] of patients with minocycline hepatotoxicity vs 0.6% in a population control group; those with and without this allele did not different in clinical features or outcome).

de Boer YS, Kosinski AS, Urban TJ, Zhao Z, Long N, Chalasani N, Kleiner DE, Hoofnagle JH; Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network. Features of autoimmune hepatitis in patients with drug-induced liver injury. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 15: 103-12. PMID: 27311619

(Among 88 cases of drug induced liver injury, autoimmune features were found in 83% of nitrofurantoin, 74% of minocycline, 60% of methyldopa and 43% of hydralazine associated cases. ANA and SMA titers and IgG levels tended to fall with recovery, and cases with autoimmune features were similar clinically to those without except for a tendency for a longer latency to onset in those with autoantibodies).

Harmon EG, McConnie R, Kesavan A. Minocycline-induced autoimmune hepatitis: a rare but important cause of drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2018; 21: 347-50. PMID: 30345250

(17 year old male developed jaundice 5 months after starting minocycline [100 mg daily] for acne [bilirubin 10.2 rising to 21.8 mg/dL, ALT 2229 U/L, Alk P not given, ANA negative], biopsy showing autoimmune-like features leading to a 12 week course of prednisone and ultimate recovery).

Shankar S, Oliver MR. Primum non nocere: minocycline-induced liver injury in a teenager. J Paediatr Child Health 2018; 54: 1031-3. PMID: 29962030

(15 year old girl developed fever, rash, lymphadenopathy and abdominal pain 4 weeks after starting minocycline [100 mg daily] for acne [bilirubin normal, ALT 688 U/L, GGT 281 U/L, eosinophils 500/μL], treated with corticosteroids and had fully recovered when seen 6 months later).

Shah J, Shahidullah A, Liu Y. Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis in a patient treated with minocycline: a rare adverse effect. Case Rep Gastroenterol 2018; 12: 447-52. PMID: 30186098

(31 year old woman developed nausea and abdominal pain 3 months after starting minocycline for acne [bilirubin 1.8 mg/dL, ALT 1138 U/L, Alk P 160 U/L, INR 1.9, ANA 1:160, IgG 3176 mg/dL], with a rapid response to prednisolone [given for 4 weeks] and ultimate complete recovery). PMID:

Wei C, Liu Y, Jiang A, Wu B. A pharmacovigilance study of the association between tetracyclines and hepatotoxicity based on Food and Drug Administration adverse event reporting system data. Int J Clin Pharm. 2022;44:709-716. PMID: 35364753

(Analysis of the spontaneous reports of drug-induced liver injury to the FDA adverse event reporting system [FAERS] made between 2004 and 2020 identified 1435 cases, most due to minocycline [n=547], doxycycline [545], and tigecycline [288] with increasing numbers in recent years).

Nikolajevic N, Nikolajevic M, Pantic I, Korica B, Kotseva M, Alempijevic T, Jevtic D, et al. Drug-induced liver injury due to doxycycline: a case report and review of literature. Cureus. 2024;16:e59687. PMID: 38836151

(28 year old man with Lyme disease developed nausea 5 days after starting doxycycline [100 mg twice daily] with bilirubin 0.7 mg/dL, ALT 758 U/L, Alk P normal, INR 1.1 and improvement on stopping doxycycline and switching to amoxicillin, with normal liver tests one month later).

Torgersen J, Mezochow AK, Newcomb CW, Carbonari DM, Hennessy S, Rentsch CT, Park LS, et al. Severe acute liver injury after hepatotoxic medication initiation in real-world data. JAMA Intern Med. 2024;184:943-952. PMID: 38913369.

(Analysis of the US Veterans Administration electronic health records between 1999 and 2021 identified 1739 hospitalizations for acute liver injury suspected to be due to medications including doxycycline at an estimate rate of 1 per 3,700 persons per year of exposure; no cases due to minocycline found).

Bessone F, Hernandez N, Medina-Caliz I, García-Cortés M, Schinoni MI, Mendizabal M, Chiodi D, et al. Drug-induced liver injury in Latin America: 10-year experience of the Latin American DILI (LATINDILI) Network. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;23:89-102. PMID: 38992407.

(Among 483 cases of drug-induced liver injury enrolled in a prospective Latin American database 4 [1%} were attributed to minocycline, but only one [0.2%] to doxycycline).

Chen VL, Rockey DC, Bjornsson ES, Barnhart H, Hoofnagle JH; Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network Investigators. Incidence of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver Injury caused by prescription drugs. Drug Saf. 2025;48:151-160. 39317916.

(Analysis of 1284 cases of drug-induced liver injury enrolled in a U.S. prospective study, identified 44 cases [3.4%] attributed to minocycline being the 6th most commonly implicated drug and occurring at an estimated rate of 1 per 1,100 persons treated).

Weber S, Gerbes AL. Relapse and need for extended immunosuppression: novel features of drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis. Digestion. 2023;104(3):243-248. PMID: 36603570

(Comparison of patients with autoimmune hepatitis [n=19], to autoimmune-like drug induced liver injury [n=11, 1 due to minocycline] found differences only in the need for long-term immunosuppression [27% vs 13%]).

García-Cortés M, Ortega-Alonso A, Matilla-Cabello G, Medina-Cáliz I, Castiella A, Conde I, Bonilla-Toyos E, et al. Clinical presentation, causative drugs and outcome of patients with autoimmune features in two prospective DILI registries. Liver Int. 2023;43:1749-1760. PMID: 37269163

(Among 1426 patients with enrolled in the Spanish and Latin American Drug Induced Liver Injury Registries, 33 had autoimmune-like liver injury, which were 58% females, 84% hepatocellular, typically with a long latency, 91% with ANA, 34% SMA, 12% severe and 3% fatal; 8 due to statins, 5 nitrofurantoin, 4 minocycline, only 1 an herbal product).

Bessone F, Bjornsson ES. Autoimmune-like hepatitis induced by drugs: still many unanswered questions. World J Hepatol. 2025;17:110946. PMID: 4136810

(Review of autoimmune-like drug induced liver injury and features that distinguish it from spontaneous, idiopathic autoimmune hepatitis, the major features being lack or minimal fibrosis and lack of relapse after resolution with or without corticosteroid therapy in drug-induced liver injury with autoimmune features that is common with chronic minocycline therapy in which relapse after corticosteroid-induced remission is very rare, but has been reported).

Reinhart JM. Drug-induced liver injury. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2025;55:717-730. PMID: 40280782

(Extensive review of drug-induced liver injury in veterinary animals mentions that 39% of dogs and 19% of cats develop ALT elevations on doxycycline therapy but that clinically apparent injury must be rare).

de Boer YS, Kosinski AS, Urban TJ, Zhao Z, Long N, Chalasani N, Kleiner DE, Hoofnagle JH; Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network. Features of autoimmune hepatitis in patients with drug-induced liver injury. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 15: 103-12. 27311619

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Authors: de Boer YS, Kosinski AS, Urban TJ, Zhao Z, Long N, Chalasani N, Kleiner DE, Hoofnagle JH; Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network | Year: 2017 | Title: Features of autoimmune hepatitis in patients with drug-induced liver injury

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References updated: 15 March 2026

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Authors: References updated: 15 March | Year: 2026 | Title: n/a

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Zimmerman HJ. Tetracyclines. In, Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999. p. 599-602.

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Authors: Zimmerman HJ | Year: 1999 | Title: Tetracyclines

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(Expert review of tetracycline and liver injury published in 1999; the tetracyclines cause two forms of drug induced liver injury, microvesicular fat and liver failure occurring after 4-10 days with high doses of parenteral tetracyclines and an idiosyncratic liver injury that occurs with the oral agents, doxycycline causing a cholestatic and minocycline a hepatocellular injury which may be associated with autoimmune features).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (Expert review of tetracycline and liver injury published in 1999; the tetracyclines cause two forms of drug induced liver injury, microvesicular fat and liver failure occurring after 4-10 days with high doses of parenteral tetracyclines and an idiosyncratic liver injury that occurs with the oral agents, doxycycline causing a cholestatic and minocycline a hepatocellular injury which may be associated with autoimmune features) | Year: 1999 | Title: n/a

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Moseley RH. Tetracyclines. Hepatotoxicity of antimicrobials and antifungal agents. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013, p. 468.

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Authors: Moseley RH | Year: 2013 | Title: Tetracyclines

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(Expert review of tetracycline induced liver injury mentions that the hepatotoxicity of intravenous tetracycline is of historic interest only as it is no longer given parenterally; both doxycycline and minocycline have been associated with idiosyncratic liver injury).

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Authors: n/a | Year: n/a | Title: (Expert review of tetracycline induced liver injury mentions that the hepatotoxicity of intravenous tetracycline is of historic interest only as it is no longer given parenterally; both doxycycline and minocycline have been associated with idiosyncratic liver injury)

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MacDougall C, Chambers HF. Tetracyclines and glycylcyclines. Protein synthesis inhibitors and miscellaneous antibacterial agents. In, Brunton LL, Chabner KA, Knollman KC, eds. Goodman & Gilman’s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011, pp. 1521-6.

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Authors: MacDougall C, Chambers HF | Year: 2011 | Title: Tetracyclines and glycylcyclines

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(Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).

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Authors: n/a | Year: n/a | Title: (Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics)

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Schultz JC, Adamson JS Jr, Workman WW, Norman TD. Fatal liver disease after intravenous administration of tetracycline in high dosage. N Engl J Med 1963; 269: 999-1004. PMID: 14059734

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Authors: Schultz JC, Adamson JS Jr, Workman WW, Norman TD | Year: 1963 | Title: Fatal liver disease after intravenous administration of tetracycline in high dosage

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External validation: validated via pmid_exact

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FATAL LIVER DISEASE AFTER INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF TETRACYCLINE IN HIGH DOSAGE. | SCHULTZ JC, ADAMSON JS, WORKMAN WW, NORMAN TD | 1963 | PMID 14059734

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(Initial dramatic report of acute fatty liver due to iv tetracycline; a rapidly fatal multisystem disease appeared in 6 pregnant women in their last trimester or early postpartum period after 3 to 5 days of relatively high doses of iv tetracycline; all developed jaundice [bilirubin 4.9-12.5 mg/dL] with mild AST [72-170 U/L] and Alk P [9-17 King Armstrong U/L] elevations, prolongation of protime, acidosis and renal dysfunction. Autopsy showed foamy hepatocytes, fat by oil red O stain and minimal hepatocyte necrosis).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (Initial dramatic report of acute fatty liver due to iv tetracycline; a rapidly fatal multisystem disease appeared in 6 pregnant women in their last trimester or early postpartum period after 3 to 5 days of relatively high doses of iv tetracycline; all developed jaundice [bilirubin 4.9-12.5 mg/dL] with mild AST [72-170 U/L] and Alk P [9-17 King Armstrong U/L] elevations, prolongation of protime, acidosis and renal dysfunction | Year: n/a | Title: Autopsy showed foamy hepatocytes, fat by oil red O stain and minimal hepatocyte necrosis)

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Dowling HF, Lepper MH. Hepatic reactions to tetracycline. JAMA 1964; 188: 307-9. PMID: 14114004

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Authors: Dowling HF, Lepper MH | Year: 1964 | Title: Hepatic reactions to tetracycline

DOI: n/a | PMID: 14114004

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HEPATIC REACTIONS TO TETRACYCLINE. | DOWLING HF, LEPPER MH | 1964 | PMID 14114004

(Review of literature on acute fatty liver due to tetracycline and recommendations on its use: avoiding doses >2 g/day and cautious use in women in last trimester of pregnancy).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: n/a | Year: n/a | Title: (Review of literature on acute fatty liver due to tetracycline and recommendations on its use: avoiding doses >2 g/day and cautious use in women in last trimester of pregnancy)

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Horwitz ST, Marymont JH Jr. Fatal liver disease during pregnancy associated with tetracycline therapy. Report of a case. Obstet Gynecol 1964; 23: 826-9. PMID: 14168241

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Horwitz ST, Marymont JH Jr | Year: 1964 | Title: Fatal liver disease during pregnancy associated with tetracycline therapy

DOI: n/a | PMID: 14168241

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FATAL LIVER DISEASE DURING PREGNANCY ASSOCIATED WITH TETRACYCLINE THERAPY. REPORT OF A CASE. | HORWITZ ST, MARYMONT JH | 1964 | PMID 14168241

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(After complicated Caesarian and emergency hysterectomy with shock and bleeding, 41 year old woman received tetracycline given iv for 4 days, then orally to day 8; on day 10 she developed fever, acidosis and ileus, dying on day 16 with multiorgan failure and jaundice; autopsy showed fatty liver).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (After complicated Caesarian and emergency hysterectomy with shock and bleeding, 41 year old woman received tetracycline given iv for 4 days, then orally to day 8; on day 10 she developed fever, acidosis and ileus, dying on day 16 with multiorgan failure and jaundice; autopsy showed fatty liver) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Norman TD, Schultz JC, Hoke RD. Fatal liver disease following the administration of tetracycline. South Med J 1964; 57: 1038-42. PMID: 14179316

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Norman TD, Schultz JC, Hoke RD | Year: 1964 | Title: Fatal liver disease following the administration of tetracycline

DOI: n/a | PMID: 14179316

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FATAL LIVER DISEASE FOLLOWING THE ADMINISTRATION OF TETRACYCLINE. | NORMAN TD, SCHULTZ JC, HOKE RD | 1964 | PMID 14179316

(Further analysis of 6 cases of acute fatty liver after tetracycline in pregnant women with histological changes).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: n/a | Year: n/a | Title: (Further analysis of 6 cases of acute fatty liver after tetracycline in pregnant women with histological changes)

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Whalley PJ, Adams RH, Combes B. Tetracycline toxicity in pregnancy. Liver and pancreatic dysfunction. JAMA 1964; 189: 357-62. PMID: 14160508

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Whalley PJ, Adams RH, Combes B | Year: 1964 | Title: Tetracycline toxicity in pregnancy

DOI: n/a | PMID: 14160508

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TETRACYCLINE TOXICITY IN PREGNANCY. LIVER AND PANCREATIC DYSFUNCTION. | WHALLEY PJ, ADAMS RH, COMBES B | 1964 | PMID 14160508

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(Five cases of acute fatty liver with azotemia and pancreatitis after 4-17 days of iv or oral therapy 1-2 g/day: bilirubin 1.2-18.8 mg/dL; AST 34-780 U/L; Alk P 8.6-22 BU/L; 1 case fatal. The anicteric case had pancreatitis and was attributed to oral drug but had fat on liver biopsy).

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Authors: n/a | Year: n/a | Title: (Five cases of acute fatty liver with azotemia and pancreatitis after 4-17 days of iv or oral therapy 1-2 g/day: bilirubin 1.2-18.8 mg/dL; AST 34-780 U/L; Alk P 8.6-22 BU/L; 1 case fatal

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Brewer T. Tetracycline hepatotoxicity. Br Med J 1965; 1: 995. PMID: 14260641

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Authors: Brewer T | Year: 1965 | Title: Tetracycline hepatotoxicity

DOI: n/a | PMID: 14260641

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TETRACYCLINE HEPATOTOXICITY. | BREWER T | 1965 | PMID 14260641

(Letter questioning role of tetracycline in acute fatty liver).

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Authors: n/a | Year: n/a | Title: (Letter questioning role of tetracycline in acute fatty liver)

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Finn WF, Horwitz ST. Maternal death due to fatty metamorphosis of liver following tetracycline therapy. N Y State J Med 1965; 65: 662-7. PMID: 14251580

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Authors: Finn WF, Horwitz ST | Year: 1965 | Title: Maternal death due to fatty metamorphosis of liver following tetracycline therapy

DOI: n/a | PMID: 14251580

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MATERNAL DEATH DUE TO FATTY METAMORPHOSIS OF LIVER FOLLOWING TETRACYCLINE THERAPY. | FINN WF, HORWITZ ST | 1965 | PMID 14251580

(After Caesarian section, followed by hysterectomy and pneumonia, 41 year old woman received iv tetracycline for 4 days, followed by oral and then iv drug again, developing shock and jaundice; autopsy showed fatty liver without necrosis).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (After Caesarian section, followed by hysterectomy and pneumonia, 41 year old woman received iv tetracycline for 4 days, followed by oral and then iv drug again, developing shock and jaundice; autopsy showed fatty liver without necrosis) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Ichida F, Watanabe K, Ishiwara S, Inoue K, Tanabe Y. [A case of cholestatic jaundice due to tetracycline-triacetyloleandomycin] Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 1965; 54:142-7. Japanese. PMID: 5294320

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Authors: Ichida F, Watanabe K, Ishiwara S, Inoue K, Tanabe Y | Year: 1965 | Title: [A case of cholestatic jaundice due to tetracycline-triacetyloleandomycin] Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 1965; 54:142-7

DOI: n/a | PMID: 5294320

External validation: probable via pmid_exact

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[A case of cholestatic jaundice due to tetracycline-triacetyloleandomycin]. | Ichida F, Watanabe K, Ishiwara S, et al | 1965 | PMID 5294320

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Kunelis CT, Peters JL, Edmondson HA. Fatty liver of pregnancy and its relationship to tetracycline therapy. Am J Med 1965; 38: 359-77. PMID: 14266828

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Kunelis CT, Peters JL, Edmondson HA | Year: 1965 | Title: Fatty liver of pregnancy and its relationship to tetracycline therapy

DOI: n/a | PMID: 14266828

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FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO TETRACYCLINE THERAPY. | KUNELIS CT, PETERS JL, EDMONDSON HA | 1965 | PMID 14266828

(Classical clinical and histologic description of syndrome in 12 pregnant women, ages 19-31, given tetracycline for 3 to 12 days [total dose 1.5 to 14 g] after 16-39 weeks of pregnancy [bilirubin 12-19.8 mg/dL, ALT 24-210 U/L, AST 36-760 U/L, lactic acid high in 3/3 patients], 67% fatal, often accompanied by multiorgan failure, pancreatitis and shock).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (Classical clinical and histologic description of syndrome in 12 pregnant women, ages 19-31, given tetracycline for 3 to 12 days [total dose 1.5 to 14 g] after 16-39 weeks of pregnancy [bilirubin 12-19.8 mg/dL, ALT 24-210 U/L, AST 36-760 U/L, lactic acid high in 3/3 patients], 67% fatal, often accompanied by multiorgan failure, pancreatitis and shock) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Tapp E, Carroll R. Tetracycline accumulation in toxic liver damage. J Pathol Bacteriol 1965; 89: 715-21. PMID: 14320315

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Authors: Tapp E, Carroll R | Year: 1965 | Title: Tetracycline accumulation in toxic liver damage

DOI: n/a | PMID: 14320315

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TETRACYCLINE ACCUMULATION IN TOXIC LIVER DAMAGE. | TAPP E, CARROLL R | 1965 | PMID 14320315

(Animal studies showing accumulation of tetracycline in damaged hepatocytes, particularly with high levels of calcium).

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Authors: (Animal studies showing accumulation of tetracycline in damaged hepatocytes, particularly with high levels of calcium) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Winterling AN, Goldman RL. Hepatic and renal lesions in a case of tetracycline toxicity during long-term estrogen therapy after orchiectomy. Calif Med 1965; 102: 314-6. PMID: 14291456

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Authors: Winterling AN, Goldman RL | Year: 1965 | Title: Hepatic and renal lesions in a case of tetracycline toxicity during long-term estrogen therapy after orchiectomy

DOI: n/a | PMID: 14291456

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

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HEPATIC AND RENAL LESIONS IN A CASE OF TETRACYCLINE TOXICITY DURING LONG-TERM ESTROGEN THERAPY AFTER ORCHIECTOMY. | WINTERLING AN, GOLDMAN RL | 1965 | PMID 14291456

(66 year old man post-orchiectomy for prostate cancer developed sudden onset of fever, lactic acidosis and mild jaundice [bilirubin 2.9 mg/dL] after 8 days of iv tetracycline [17 g], subsequently died after emergency laparotomy; autopsy showed fatty liver).

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Authors: (66 year old man post-orchiectomy for prostate cancer developed sudden onset of fever, lactic acidosis and mild jaundice [bilirubin 2.9 mg/dL] after 8 days of iv tetracycline [17 g], subsequently died after emergency laparotomy; autopsy showed fatty liver) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Wruble LD, Ladman AJ, Britt LG, Cummins AJ. Hepatotoxicity produced by tetracycline overdosage. JAMA 1965; 192: 6-8. PMID: 14262279

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Authors: Wruble LD, Ladman AJ, Britt LG, Cummins AJ | Year: 1965 | Title: Hepatotoxicity produced by tetracycline overdosage

DOI: n/a | PMID: 14262279

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

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HEPATOTOXICITY PRODUCED BY TETRACYCLINE OVERDOSAGE. | WRUBLE LD, LADMAN AJ, BRITT LG, CUMMINS AJ | 1965 | PMID 14262279

(56 year old woman with cecal volvulus developed jaundice [bilirubin 7.8 mg/dL, AST 98 U/L, Alk P normal] 2 days after receiving 8 g of tetracycline, subsequently progressing to liver failure and death; autopsy showed fatty liver).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (56 year old woman with cecal volvulus developed jaundice [bilirubin 7.8 mg/dL, AST 98 U/L, Alk P normal] 2 days after receiving 8 g of tetracycline, subsequently progressing to liver failure and death; autopsy showed fatty liver) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Wruble LD, Cummins AJ. Tetracycline and fatty liver. Am J Dig Dis 1965; 10: 742-4. PMID: 14316764

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Authors: Wruble LD, Cummins AJ | Year: 1965 | Title: Tetracycline and fatty liver

DOI: n/a | PMID: 14316764

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TETRACYCLINE AND FATTY LIVER. | WRUBLE LD, CUMMINS AJ | 1965 | PMID 14316764

(Editorial on tetracycline induced acute fatty liver with discussion of mechanisms focusing on mitochondrial injury).

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Authors: n/a | Year: n/a | Title: (Editorial on tetracycline induced acute fatty liver with discussion of mechanisms focusing on mitochondrial injury)

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Tetracyclines and the liver in pregnancy. Lancet 1966; 1: 357-8. PMID: 4159865

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Authors: n/a | Year: 1966 | Title: Tetracyclines and the liver in pregnancy

DOI: n/a | PMID: 4159865

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Tetracyclines and the liver in pregnancy. | 1966 | PMID 4159865

(Editorial on the history of acute fatty liver of pregnancy, first described by Sheehan in 1940 and later linked to high dose iv tetracycline in pregnancy, but also in nonpregnant women and in men).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (Editorial on the history of acute fatty liver of pregnancy, first described by Sheehan in 1940 and later linked to high dose iv tetracycline in pregnancy, but also in nonpregnant women and in men) | Year: 1940 | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Davis JS, Kaufman RH. Tetracycline toxicity. A clinicopathologic study with special reference to liver damage and its relationship to pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1966; 95: 523-9. PMID: 5939019

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Authors: Davis JS, Kaufman RH | Year: 1966 | Title: Tetracycline toxicity

DOI: n/a | PMID: 5939019

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Tetracycline toxicity. A clinicopathologic study with special reference to liver damage and its relationship to pregnancy. | Davis JS, Kaufman RH | 1966 | PMID 5939019

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(Six cases of acute fatty liver, 1 man and 5 women [4 pregnant] given intravenous tetracycline for 9-10 days [3-6 g] [bilirubin 3-12.5 mg/dL, ALT 34-310 U/L], all acidotic and all died, autopsy showing fatty liver).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (Six cases of acute fatty liver, 1 man and 5 women [4 pregnant] given intravenous tetracycline for 9-10 days [3-6 g] [bilirubin 3-12.5 mg/dL, ALT 34-310 U/L], all acidotic and all died, autopsy showing fatty liver) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Schiffer MA. Fatty liver associated with administration of tetracycline in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1966; 96: 326-32. PMID: 5919490

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Authors: Schiffer MA | Year: 1966 | Title: Fatty liver associated with administration of tetracycline in pregnant and nonpregnant women

DOI: n/a | PMID: 5919490

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

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Fatty liver associated with administration of tetracycline in pregnant and nonpregnant women. | Schiffer MA | 1966 | PMID 5919490

(Six cases of acute fatty liver from tetracycline, 2 in pregnancy at 34- and 40 weeks; 4 in nonpregnant women, but clinical course not described).

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Authors: (Six cases of acute fatty liver from tetracycline, 2 in pregnancy at 34- and 40 weeks; 4 in nonpregnant women, but clinical course not described) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Aach R, Kissane J eds. Clinicopathologic conference. A seventeen-year-old girl with fatty liver of pregnancy following tetracycline therapy. Am J Med 1967; 43: 274-83. PMID: 6034958

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Authors: Aach R, Kissane J eds | Year: 1967 | Title: Clinicopathologic conference

DOI: n/a | PMID: 6034958

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A seventeen-year-old GIRL WITH FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCY FOLLOWING TETRACYCLINE THERAPY. | 1967 | PMID 6034958

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(Clinicopathologic conference describing 17 year old pregnant woman who developed suspected pyelonephritis, was treated with im and oral tetracycline and 8 days later developed multiorgan failure, lactic acidosis and died despite induced delivery of a stillborn child).

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Authors: (Clinicopathologic conference describing 17 year old pregnant woman who developed suspected pyelonephritis, was treated with im and oral tetracycline and 8 days later developed multiorgan failure, lactic acidosis and died despite induced delivery of a stillborn child) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Peters RL, Edmondson HA, Mikkelsen WP, Tatter D. Tetracycline-induced fatty liver in nonpregnant patients. A report of six cases. Am J Surg 1967; 113: 622-32. PMID: 6021433

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Authors: Peters RL, Edmondson HA, Mikkelsen WP, Tatter D | Year: 1967 | Title: Tetracycline-induced fatty liver in nonpregnant patients

DOI: n/a | PMID: 6021433

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

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Tetracycline-induced fatty liver in nonpregnant patients. A report of six cases. | Peters RL, Edmondson HA, Mikkelsen WP, Tatter D | 1967 | PMID 6021433

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(Classical description of clinical and histologic features of tetracycline induced acute fatty liver in nonpregnant patients; 6 nonpregnant women, ages 18-62, given iv tetracycline for 3-13 days [9-26 g] presenting with jaundice and lethargy; peak AST 52-960 U/L; bilirubin 2.7-7.4 mg/dL, often with complex and critical course, pancreatitis and renal failure, acidosis; fatty liver on autopsy).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (Classical description of clinical and histologic features of tetracycline induced acute fatty liver in nonpregnant patients; 6 nonpregnant women, ages 18-62, given iv tetracycline for 3-13 days [9-26 g] presenting with jaundice and lethargy; peak AST 52-960 U/L; bilirubin 2.7-7.4 mg/dL, often with complex and critical course, pancreatitis and renal failure, acidosis; fatty liver on autopsy) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Damjanov I, Arnold R, Faour M. Tetracycline toxicity in a nonpregnant woman. JAMA 1968; 204: 934. PMID: 5694615

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Authors: Damjanov I, Arnold R, Faour M | Year: 1968 | Title: Tetracycline toxicity in a nonpregnant woman

DOI: n/a | PMID: 5694615

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Tetracycline toxicity in a nonpregnancy woman. | Damjanov I, Arnold R, Faour M | 1968 | PMID 5694615

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(20 year old woman given iv tetracycline for 8 days after second of two gall bladder operations developed sudden onset of renal and hepatic failure [bilirubin 4.2 mg/dL, ALT 620 U/L], autopsy showed fatty liver and acute tubular necrosis).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (20 year old woman given iv tetracycline for 8 days after second of two gall bladder operations developed sudden onset of renal and hepatic failure [bilirubin 4.2 mg/dL, ALT 620 U/L], autopsy showed fatty liver and acute tubular necrosis) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Robinson MJ, Rywlin AM. Tetracycline-associated fatty liver in the male. Report of an autopsied case. Am J Dig Dis 1970; 15: 857-62. PMID: 5459744

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Authors: Robinson MJ, Rywlin AM | Year: 1970 | Title: Tetracycline-associated fatty liver in the male

DOI: n/a | PMID: 5459744

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Tetracycline-associated fatty liver in the male. Report of an autopsied case. | Robinson MJ, Rywlin AM | 1970 | PMID 5459744

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(72 year old man given 10 days of iv tetracycline [30 g total] developed worsening liver injury followed by hepatic and renal failure and severe acidosis [bilirubin 6.8 mg/dL, AST 1550 KU/L, Alk P 15 KA U/L]; autopsy showed fatty liver, fatty vacuolization of renal tubular cells and pancreatitis).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (72 year old man given 10 days of iv tetracycline [30 g total] developed worsening liver injury followed by hepatic and renal failure and severe acidosis [bilirubin 6.8 mg/dL, AST 1550 KU/L, Alk P 15 KA U/L]; autopsy showed fatty liver, fatty vacuolization of renal tubular cells and pancreatitis) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Breen KJ, Perkins KW, Mistilis SP, Shearman R. Idiopathic acute fatty liver of pregnancy. Gut 1970; 11: 822-5. PMID: 5485832

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Authors: Breen KJ, Perkins KW, Mistilis SP, Shearman R | Year: 1970 | Title: Idiopathic acute fatty liver of pregnancy

DOI: n/a | PMID: 5485832

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

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Idiopathic acute fatty liver of pregnancy. | Breen KJ, Perkins KW, Mistilis SP, Shearman R | 1970 | PMID 5485832

(23 year old woman who survived acute fatty liver of pregnancy; onset day after spontaneous labor and stillborn delivery [bilirubin 7.9 mg/dL, Alk P 70 King Armstrong U/L, AST 67 U/L, prothrombin index 50%], liver biopsy showed fatty liver, improved with dextrose administration).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (23 year old woman who survived acute fatty liver of pregnancy; onset day after spontaneous labor and stillborn delivery [bilirubin 7.9 mg/dL, Alk P 70 King Armstrong U/L, AST 67 U/L, prothrombin index 50%], liver biopsy showed fatty liver, improved with dextrose administration) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Combes B, Whalley PJ, Adams RH. Tetracycline and the liver. Prog Liver Dis 1972; 4: 589-96. PMID: 4569011

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Combes B, Whalley PJ, Adams RH | Year: 1972 | Title: Tetracycline and the liver

DOI: n/a | PMID: 4569011

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

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Tetracycline and the liver. | Combes B, Whalley PJ, Adams RH | 1972 | PMID 4569011

(Review of hepatotoxicity of tetracycline, including studies of pathogenesis).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (Review of hepatotoxicity of tetracycline, including studies of pathogenesis) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Wenk RE, Gebhardt FC, Bhagavan BS, Lustgarten JA, McCarthy EF. Tetracycline-associated fatty liver of pregnancy, including possible pregnancy risk after chronic dermatologic use of tetracycline. J Reprod Med 1981; 26: 135-41. PMID: 7230149

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Wenk RE, Gebhardt FC, Bhagavan BS, Lustgarten JA, McCarthy EF | Year: 1981 | Title: Tetracycline-associated fatty liver of pregnancy, including possible pregnancy risk after chronic dermatologic use of tetracycline

DOI: n/a | PMID: 7230149

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

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Tetracycline-associated fatty liver of pregnancy, including possible pregnancy risk after chronic dermatologic use of tetracycline. | Wenk RE, Gebhardt FC, Bhagavan BS, et al | 1981 | PMID 7230149

Parsed author summary differs from the returned PubMed authors.

(Two cases of acute fatty liver over a 15 year period and 60,000 deliveries; one woman received tetracycline for 3 days, the second had no history of its use, but had tetracycline detected in bony tissue suggestive of chronic use).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (Two cases of acute fatty liver over a 15 year period and 60,000 deliveries; one woman received tetracycline for 3 days, the second had no history of its use, but had tetracycline detected in bony tissue suggestive of chronic use) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Böcker R, Estler CJ, Müller S, Pfandzelter C, Spachmüller B. Comparative evaluation of the effects of tetracycline, rolitetracycline and doxycycline on some blood parameters related to liver function. Arzneimittelforschung 1982; 32: 237-41. PMID: 7200783

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Böcker R, Estler CJ, Müller S, Pfandzelter C, Spachmüller B | Year: 1982 | Title: Comparative evaluation of the effects of tetracycline, rolitetracycline and doxycycline on some blood parameters related to liver function

DOI: n/a | PMID: 7200783

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

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Comparative evaluation of the effects of tetracycline, rolitetracycline and doxycycline on some blood parameters related to liver function. | Böcker R, Estler CJ, Müller S, et al | 1982 | PMID 7200783

Parsed author summary differs from the returned PubMed authors.

(Minocycline caused a dose dependent rise in AST and increase in triglycerides, but no hepatic histological changes in mice; similar findings were previously reported with tetracycline).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (Minocycline caused a dose dependent rise in AST and increase in triglycerides, but no hepatic histological changes in mice; similar findings were previously reported with tetracycline) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Burette A, Finet C, Prigogine T, De Roy G, Deltenre M. Acute hepatic injury associated with minocycline. Arch Intern Med 1984; 144: 1491-2. PMID: 6732411

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Burette A, Finet C, Prigogine T, De Roy G, Deltenre M | Year: 1984 | Title: Acute hepatic injury associated with minocycline

DOI: n/a | PMID: 6732411

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

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Acute hepatic injury associated with minocycline. | Burette A, Finet C, Prigogine T, et al | 1984 | PMID 6732411

Parsed author summary differs from the returned PubMed authors.

(57 year old woman developed jaundice after 4 days of iv minocycline for aspiration pneumonia: [bilirubin ~3.5 mg/dL, ALT 1050 U/L, Alk P 680 U/L, and high amylase], biopsy showed fatty liver with minimal inflammation).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (57 year old woman developed jaundice after 4 days of iv minocycline for aspiration pneumonia: [bilirubin ~3.5 mg/dL, ALT 1050 U/L, Alk P 680 U/L, and high amylase], biopsy showed fatty liver with minimal inflammation) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Schrumpf E, Nordgard K. Unusual cholestatic hepatotoxicity of doxycycline in a young male? Scand J Gastroenterol 1986; 21 (Suppl 120): 68. Not in PubMed

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Schrumpf E, Nordgard K | Year: 1986 | Title: Unusual cholestatic hepatotoxicity of doxycycline in a young male? Scand J Gastroenterol 1986; 21 (Suppl 120): 68

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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(Abstract: Patient developed severe and prolonged cholestatic hepatitis after 2 weeks of oral doxycycline [bilirubin 9.8 rising to 69.5 mg/L, ALT 53 to 132 U/L, Alk P 283 to 775 U/L] and severe itching; ultimate recovery after 6 months).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (Abstract: Patient developed severe and prolonged cholestatic hepatitis after 2 weeks of oral doxycycline [bilirubin 9.8 rising to 69.5 mg/L, ALT 53 to 132 U/L, Alk P 283 to 775 U/L] and severe itching; ultimate recovery after 6 months) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Davies MG, Kersey PJ. Acute hepatitis and exfoliative dermatitis associated with minocycline. BMJ 1989; 298: 1523-4. PMID: 2527068

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Davies MG, Kersey PJ | Year: 1989 | Title: Acute hepatitis and exfoliative dermatitis associated with minocycline

DOI: n/a | PMID: 2527068

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

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Acute hepatitis and exfoliative dermatitis associated with minocycline. | Davies MG, Kersey PJ | 1989 | PMID 2527068

(16 year old boy and 17 year old girl developed severe hepatitis after 4 weeks of minocycline, both with severe skin rash [toxic epidermal necrolysis], fever, jaundice, lymphadenopathy and leukemoid reactions; one fatal, but history of travel to Africa and exposure to antimalarials).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (16 year old boy and 17 year old girl developed severe hepatitis after 4 weeks of minocycline, both with severe skin rash [toxic epidermal necrolysis], fever, jaundice, lymphadenopathy and leukemoid reactions; one fatal, but history of travel to Africa and exposure to antimalarials) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Adams LE, Hess EV. Drug-related lupus. Incidence, mechanisms and clinical implications. Drug Saf 1991; 6: 431-49. PMID: 1793523

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Authors: Adams LE, Hess EV | Year: 1991 | Title: Drug-related lupus

DOI: n/a | PMID: 1793523

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

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Drug-related lupus. Incidence, mechanisms and clinical implications. | Adams LE, Hess EV | 1991 | PMID 1793523

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(Review of drug related lupus-like syndrome, linked to more than 60 agents including isoniazid, hydralazine, chlorpromazine, methyldopa and procainamide. Usually presents with arthralgias and fever and ANA positivity, usually occurring with long term use of the medication).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (Review of drug related lupus-like syndrome, linked to more than 60 agents including isoniazid, hydralazine, chlorpromazine, methyldopa and procainamide | Year: n/a | Title: Usually presents with arthralgias and fever and ANA positivity, usually occurring with long term use of the medication)

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Böcker R, Estler CJ, Ludewig-Sandig D. Evaluation of the hepatotoxic potential of minocycline. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35: 1434-6. PMID: 1929305

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Böcker R, Estler CJ, Ludewig-Sandig D | Year: 1991 | Title: Evaluation of the hepatotoxic potential of minocycline

DOI: n/a | PMID: 1929305

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

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Evaluation of the hepatotoxic potential of minocycline. | Böcker R, Estler CJ, Ludewig-Sandig D | 1991 | PMID 1929305

(High dose studies in rats showed rises in AST and hepatic triglycerides, but no changes in liver histology).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (High dose studies in rats showed rises in AST and hepatic triglycerides, but no changes in liver histology) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Lienart F, Morissens M, Jacobs P, Ducobu J. Doxycycline and hepatotoxicity. Acta Clin Belg 1992; 47: 205-8. PMID: 1332350

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Lienart F, Morissens M, Jacobs P, Ducobu J | Year: 1992 | Title: Doxycycline and hepatotoxicity

DOI: n/a | PMID: 1332350

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

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Doxycycline and hepatotoxicity. | Lienart F, Morissens M, Jacobs P, Ducobu J | 1992 | PMID 1332350

(42 year old woman with severe cardiomyopathy developed encephalopathy and enzyme elevations with jaundice after 5 days of oral doxycycline [bilirubin 1.2 mg/dL, ALT 139 U/L, Alk P 373 U/L, ammonia 99 mcg/dL], resolving rapidly on stopping; likely due to heart failure and ischemia rather than drug induced liver injury).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (42 year old woman with severe cardiomyopathy developed encephalopathy and enzyme elevations with jaundice after 5 days of oral doxycycline [bilirubin 1.2 mg/dL, ALT 139 U/L, Alk P 373 U/L, ammonia 99 mcg/dL], resolving rapidly on stopping; likely due to heart failure and ischemia rather than drug induced liver injury) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Min DI, Burke PA, Lewis WD, Jenkins RL. Acute hepatic failure associated with oral minocycline: a case report. Pharmacotherapy 1992; 12: 68-71. PMID: 1532250

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Min DI, Burke PA, Lewis WD, Jenkins RL | Year: 1992 | Title: Acute hepatic failure associated with oral minocycline: a case report

DOI: n/a | PMID: 1532250

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

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Acute hepatic failure associated with oral minocycline: a case report. | Min DI, Burke PA, Lewis WD, Jenkins RL | 1992 | PMID 1532250

(39 year old woman developed fatigue and nausea after 4 weeks of minocycline and vitamin A [50,000 U bid] followed by high fever, lymphadenopathy and jaundice progressing to acute liver failure [bilirubin rising from 0.9 to 23.5 mg/dL, ALT 120 to 1625 U/L, Alk P 892 U/L], ultimately resolving spontaneously after stopping).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (39 year old woman developed fatigue and nausea after 4 weeks of minocycline and vitamin A [50,000 U bid] followed by high fever, lymphadenopathy and jaundice progressing to acute liver failure [bilirubin rising from 0.9 to 23.5 mg/dL, ALT 120 to 1625 U/L, Alk P 892 U/L], ultimately resolving spontaneously after stopping) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Boudreaux JP, Hayes DH, Mizrahi S, Hussey J, Regenstein F, Balart L. Fulminant hepatic failure, hepatorenal syndrome, and necrotizing pancreatitis after minocycline hepatotoxicity. Transplant Proc 1993; 25: 1873. PMID: 8470208

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Authors: Boudreaux JP, Hayes DH, Mizrahi S, Hussey J, Regenstein F, Balart L | Year: 1993 | Title: Fulminant hepatic failure, hepatorenal syndrome, and necrotizing pancreatitis after minocycline hepatotoxicity

DOI: n/a | PMID: 8470208

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Fulminant hepatic failure, hepatorenal syndrome, and necrotizing pancreatitis after minocycline hepatotoxicity. | Boudreaux JP, Hayes DH, Mizrahi S, et al | 1993 | PMID 8470208

Parsed author summary differs from the returned PubMed authors.

(17 year old girl developed acute liver failure while taking minocycline, but no information given on dose, latency or laboratory abnormalities).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (17 year old girl developed acute liver failure while taking minocycline, but no information given on dose, latency or laboratory abnormalities) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Carson JL, Strom BL, Duff A, et al. Acute liver disease associated with erythromycins, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119 (7 Pt 1): 576-83. PMID: 8363168

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Carson JL, Strom BL, Duff A, et al | Year: 1993 | Title: Acute liver disease associated with erythromycins, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines

DOI: n/a | PMID: 8363168

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

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Acute liver disease associated with erythromycins, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines. | Carson JL, Strom BL, Duff A, et al | 1993 | PMID 8363168

(Case control study using Medicaid billing results between 1980-87 found 107 cases of hospitalization for unexplained hepatitis, odds ratios for erythromycin 5.2; sulfonamides 11.4; tetracyclines 5.2; total of 5 cases exposed to tetracycline, doxycycline or minocycline).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (Case control study using Medicaid billing results between 1980-87 found 107 cases of hospitalization for unexplained hepatitis, odds ratios for erythromycin 5.2; sulfonamides 11.4; tetracyclines 5.2; total of 5 cases exposed to tetracycline, doxycycline or minocycline) | Year: 1980 | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Hunt CM, Washington K. Tetracycline-induced bile duct paucity and prolonged cholestasis. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 1844-7. PMID: 7958700

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Hunt CM, Washington K | Year: 1994 | Title: Tetracycline-induced bile duct paucity and prolonged cholestasis

DOI: n/a | PMID: 7958700

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Tetracycline-induced bile duct paucity and prolonged cholestasis. | Hunt CM, Washington K | 1994 | PMID 7958700

(Two cases of severe and prolonged cholestatic hepatitis and bile duct paucity after oral tetracyclines; 37 year old woman developed jaundice 2 days after 3 day course of doxycycline with prolonged cholestasis [peak bilirubin 30 mg/dL], but ultimate recovery; 63 year old woman developed jaundice 6 weeks after a 2 week course of tetracycline [bilirubin 11.8 mg/dL, ALT 245 U/L], with prolonged jaundice [peak bilirubin 29.5 mg/dL) and persistence of enzyme elevations for >3 years [Alk P 631 U/L, ALT 97 U/L]).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (Two cases of severe and prolonged cholestatic hepatitis and bile duct paucity after oral tetracyclines; 37 year old woman developed jaundice 2 days after 3 day course of doxycycline with prolonged cholestasis [peak bilirubin 30 mg/dL], but ultimate recovery; 63 year old woman developed jaundice 6 weeks after a 2 week course of tetracycline [bilirubin 11.8 mg/dL, ALT 245 U/L], with prolonged jaundice [peak bilirubin 29.5 mg/dL) and persistence of enzyme elevations for >3 years [Alk P 631 U/L, ALT 97 U/L]) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Kaufmann D, Pichler W, Beer JH. Severe episode of high fever with rash, lymphadenopathy, neutropenia, and eosinophilia after minocycline therapy for acne. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 1983-4. PMID: 8074603

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Kaufmann D, Pichler W, Beer JH | Year: 1983 | Title: Severe episode of high fever with rash, lymphadenopathy, neutropenia, and eosinophilia after minocycline therapy for acne

DOI: n/a | PMID: 8074603

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Severe episode of high fever with rash, lymphadenopathy, neutropenia, and eosinophilia after minocycline therapy for acne. | Kaufmann D, Pichler W, Beer JH | 1994 | PMID 8074603

Parsed publication year differs from the returned PubMed year.

(35 year old woman developed fever, rash and eosinophilia 3 weeks after starting minocycline for acne with normal ALT, AST and bilirubin and resolution in ~10 days of stopping, indicating a serum sickness-like syndrome without hepatitis).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (35 year old woman developed fever, rash and eosinophilia 3 weeks after starting minocycline for acne with normal ALT, AST and bilirubin and resolution in ~10 days of stopping, indicating a serum sickness-like syndrome without hepatitis) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Friis H, Andreasen PB. Drug-induced hepatic injury: an analysis of 1100 cases reported to the Danish Committee on Adverse Drug Reactions between 1978 and 1987. J Intern Med 1992; 232: 133-8. PMID: 1506809

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Friis H, Andreasen PB | Year: 1992 | Title: Drug-induced hepatic injury: an analysis of 1100 cases reported to the Danish Committee on Adverse Drug Reactions between 1978 and 1987

DOI: n/a | PMID: 1506809

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Drug-induced hepatic injury: an analysis of 1100 cases reported to the Danish Committee on Adverse Drug Reactions between 1978 and 1987. | Friis H, Andreasen PB | 1992 | PMID 1506809

(Adverse drug reaction reports between 1978 and 1987 in Denmark; no tetracycline is mentioned as a cause).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (Adverse drug reaction reports between | Year: 1987 | Title: 1978 and 1987 in Denmark; no tetracycline is mentioned as a cause)

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not found via title_author_year_search

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Gordon PM, White MI, Herriot R, Martin JC, Reid DM. Minocycline-associated lupus erythematosus. Brit J Dermatol 1995; 132: 120-1. PMID: 7756122

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Gordon PM, White MI, Herriot R, Martin JC, Reid DM | Year: 1995 | Title: Minocycline-associated lupus erythematosus

DOI: n/a | PMID: 7756122

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Minocycline-associated lupus erythematosus. | Gordon PM, White MI, Herriot R, et al | 1995 | PMID 7756122

Parsed author summary differs from the returned PubMed authors.

(15 year old girl developed arthralgias and lupus-like syndrome after 2 years of minocycline therapy of acne; liver tests were normal, ANA 1:640, resolved with stopping).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (15 year old girl developed arthralgias and lupus-like syndrome after 2 years of minocycline therapy of acne; liver tests were normal, ANA 1:640, resolved with stopping) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Castex F, Canva-Delcambre V, Maunoury V, Talbodec N, Wolchies E, Paris JC. [Acute hepatitis induced by minocycline] Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1995; 19: 640-1. French. PMID: 7590035

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Castex F, Canva-Delcambre V, Maunoury V, Talbodec N, Wolchies E, Paris JC | Year: 1995 | Title: [Acute hepatitis induced by minocycline] Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1995; 19: 640-1

DOI: n/a | PMID: 7590035

External validation: probable via pmid_exact

A likely external source match was found, but some parsed fields still disagree or need confirmation.

[Acute hepatitis induced by minocycline]. | Castex F, Canva-Delcambre V, Maunoury V, et al | 1995 | PMID 7590035

Parsed title differs from the returned PubMed title. Parsed author summary differs from the returned PubMed authors.

(30 year old woman developed jaundice 8 days after starting minocycline [bilirubin 2.0 mg/dL, ALT 23 times ULN, Alk P normal, ANA negative], with resolution of liver test abnormalities within 1 month of stopping).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (30 year old woman developed jaundice 8 days after starting minocycline [bilirubin 2.0 mg/dL, ALT 23 times ULN, Alk P normal, ANA negative], with resolution of liver test abnormalities within 1 month of stopping) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Gough A, Chapman S, Wagstaff K, Emery P, Elias E. Minocycline induced autoimmune hepatitis and systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome. BMJ 1996; 312: 169-72. PMID: 8563540

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Gough A, Chapman S, Wagstaff K, Emery P, Elias E | Year: 1996 | Title: Minocycline induced autoimmune hepatitis and systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome

DOI: n/a | PMID: 8563540

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Minocycline induced autoimmune hepatitis and systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome. | Gough A, Chapman S, Wagstaff K, et al | 1996 | PMID 8563540

Parsed author summary differs from the returned PubMed authors.

(Brief report of 4 cases of jaundice developing during long term minocycline therapy and review of 16 cases reported to British Committee on Safety of Medicines; no specific laboratory results provided).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (Brief report of 4 cases of jaundice developing during long term minocycline therapy and review of 16 cases reported to British Committee on Safety of Medicines; no specific laboratory results provided) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Pillans PI. Drug associated hepatic reactions in New Zealand: 21 years’ experience. N Z Med J 1996; 109: 315-9. PMID: 8816722

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Pillans PI | Year: 1996 | Title: Drug associated hepatic reactions in New Zealand: 21 years’ experience

DOI: n/a | PMID: 8816722

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Drug associated hepatic reactions in New Zealand: 21 years experience. | Pillans PI | 1996 | PMID 8816722

(Adverse drug reaction reports identified 943 liver injuries over 21 years in New Zealand; triacetyloleandomycin accounted for 21 cases [2.1%] and minocycline for at least 4).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: n/a | Year: n/a | Title: (Adverse drug reaction reports identified 943 liver injuries over 21 years in New Zealand; triacetyloleandomycin accounted for 21 cases [2.1%] and minocycline for at least 4)

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Goulden V, Glass D, Cunliffe WJ. Safety of long-term high-dose minocycline in the treatment of acne. Brit J Dermatol 1996; 134: 693-5. PMID: 8733373

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Goulden V, Glass D, Cunliffe WJ | Year: 1996 | Title: Safety of long-term high-dose minocycline in the treatment of acne

DOI: n/a | PMID: 8733373

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Safety of long-term high-dose minocycline in the treatment of acne. | Goulden V, Glass D, Cunliffe WJ | 1996 | PMID 8733373

(Prospective study of safety of 100-200 mg minocycline given daily for average of 10 months, 200 of 700 patients who had liver tests done, there were “no significant abnormalities”).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (Prospective study of safety of 100-200 mg minocycline given daily for average of 10 months, 200 of 700 patients who had liver tests done, there were “no significant abnormalities”) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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External validation was recorded without a normalized source summary

Reference looks non-PubMed-oriented or lacks enough normalized metadata for lookup.

Knowles SR, Shapiro L, Shear NH. Serious adverse reactions induced by minocycline. Report of 13 patients and review of the literature. Arch Dermatol 1996; 132: 934-9. PMID: 8712844

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Knowles SR, Shapiro L, Shear NH | Year: 1996 | Title: Serious adverse reactions induced by minocycline

DOI: n/a | PMID: 8712844

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Serious adverse reactions induced by minocycline. Report of 13 patients and review of the literature. | Knowles SR, Shapiro L, Shear NH | 1996 | PMID 8712844

Parsed title differs from the returned PubMed title.

(15 cases with adverse reactions to minocycline; one with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and acute liver failure arising within 29 days of starting minocycline, necessitating liver transplantation).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (15 cases with adverse reactions to minocycline; one with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and acute liver failure arising within 29 days of starting minocycline, necessitating liver transplantation) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Reference looks non-PubMed-oriented or lacks enough normalized metadata for lookup.

Malcolm A, Heap TR, Eckstein RP, Lunzer MR. Minocycline-induced liver injury. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: 1641-3. PMID: 8759678

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Malcolm A, Heap TR, Eckstein RP, Lunzer MR | Year: 1996 | Title: Minocycline-induced liver injury

DOI: n/a | PMID: 8759678

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Minocycline-induced liver injury. | Malcolm A, Heap TR, Eckstein RP, Lunzer MR | 1996 | PMID 8759678

(Three men and 3 women, ages 15-48, treated with minocycline for 4 weeks to 2 years developed liver injury [peak ALT 257 to 3824 U/L, 3 ANA positive, 3 with jaundice, most had mild eosinophilia], liver biopsy showed chronic hepatitis in 2, all recovered completely, two with corticosteroid therapy).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (Three men and 3 women, ages 15-48, treated with minocycline for 4 weeks to 2 years developed liver injury [peak ALT 257 to 3824 U/L, 3 ANA positive, 3 with jaundice, most had mild eosinophilia], liver biopsy showed chronic hepatitis in 2, all recovered completely, two with corticosteroid therapy) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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External validation was recorded without a normalized source summary

Reference looks non-PubMed-oriented or lacks enough normalized metadata for lookup.

Tham SN, Kwok YK, Chan HL. Cross-reactivity in fixed drug eruptions to tetracyclines. Arch Dermatol 1996; 132: 1134-5. PMID: 8795565

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Tham SN, Kwok YK, Chan HL | Year: 1996 | Title: Cross-reactivity in fixed drug eruptions to tetracyclines

DOI: n/a | PMID: 8795565

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Cross-reactivity in fixed drug eruptions to tetracyclines. | Tham SN, Kwok YK, Chan HL | 1996 | PMID 8795565

(Among 9 Chinese patients with a fixed drug eruption due to tetracycline, all had recurrence on doxycycline and 3 on minocycline; no mention of liver involvement).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (Among 9 Chinese patients with a fixed drug eruption due to tetracycline, all had recurrence on doxycycline and 3 on minocycline; no mention of liver involvement) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Reference looks non-PubMed-oriented or lacks enough normalized metadata for lookup.

MacNeil M, Haase DA, Tremaine R, Marrie TJ. Fever, lymphadenopathy, eosinophilia, lymphocytosis, hepatitis, and dermatitis: a severe adverse reaction to minocycline. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 36 (2 Pt 2): 347-50. PMID: 9039216

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: MacNeil M, Haase DA, Tremaine R, Marrie TJ | Year: 1997 | Title: Fever, lymphadenopathy, eosinophilia, lymphocytosis, hepatitis, and dermatitis: a severe adverse reaction to minocycline

DOI: n/a | PMID: 9039216

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Fever, lymphadenopathy, eosinophilia, lymphocytosis, hepatitis, and dermatitis: a severe adverse reaction to minocycline. | MacNeil M, Haase DA, Tremaine R, Marrie TJ | 1997 | PMID 9039216

(17 year old girl developed fever, lymphadenopathy, severe rash and mild hepatitis 3 weeks after starting minocycline for acne [bilirubin 2.3 mg/dL, ALT 134 U/L, Alk P 309 U/L, ANA negative] required corticosteroid therapy, but ultimately resolved).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (17 year old girl developed fever, lymphadenopathy, severe rash and mild hepatitis 3 weeks after starting minocycline for acne [bilirubin 2.3 mg/dL, ALT 134 U/L, Alk P 309 U/L, ANA negative] required corticosteroid therapy, but ultimately resolved) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Reference looks non-PubMed-oriented or lacks enough normalized metadata for lookup.

Herzog D, Hajoui O, Russo P, Alvarez F. Study of immune reactivity of minocycline-induced chronic active hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42: 1100-3. PMID: 9149070

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Herzog D, Hajoui O, Russo P, Alvarez F | Year: 1997 | Title: Study of immune reactivity of minocycline-induced chronic active hepatitis

DOI: n/a | PMID: 9149070

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Study of immune reactivity of minocycline-induced chronic active hepatitis. | Herzog D, Hajoui O, Russo P, Alvarez F | 1997 | PMID 9149070

(16 year old girl developed arthralgias and anicteric hepatitis after 18 months of therapy with minocycline for acne [bilirubin evidently normal, ALT 392 U/L, Alk P normal, ANA 1:1280], resolved upon stopping; found serum antibodies to 90 kD and 50 kD fractions of HepG2 cells, possibly P-450 proteins).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (16 year old girl developed arthralgias and anicteric hepatitis after 18 months of therapy with minocycline for acne [bilirubin evidently normal, ALT 392 U/L, Alk P normal, ANA 1:1280], resolved upon stopping; found serum antibodies to 90 kD and 50 kD fractions of HepG2 cells, possibly P-450 proteins) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Björnsson E, Lindberg J, Olsson R. Liver reactions to oral low-dose tetracyclines. Scand J Gastroenterol 1997; 32: 390-5. Review. PMID: 9140164

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Björnsson E, Lindberg J, Olsson R | Year: 1997 | Title: Liver reactions to oral low-dose tetracyclines

DOI: n/a | PMID: 9140164

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Liver reactions to oral low-dose tetracyclines. | Björnsson E, Lindberg J, Olsson R | 1997 | PMID 9140164

(32 year old man developed abdominal pain, dark urine and rash within 24 hours of starting doxycycline which he had received in the past [bilirubin 4.3- 8.1 mg/dL, ALT 3.5 times ULN, Alk P 1.1 times ULN], resolving within 3 months of stopping; thorough review of all published and SADRAC reported cases of oral tetracycline associated liver injury found 15 cases, only 6 rated as likely, none with tetracycline, 5 doxycycline, 1 lymecycline).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (32 year old man developed abdominal pain, dark urine and rash within 24 hours of starting doxycycline which he had received in the past [bilirubin 4.3- 8.1 mg/dL, ALT 3.5 times ULN, Alk P 1.1 times ULN], resolving within 3 months of stopping; thorough review of all published and SADRAC reported cases of oral tetracycline associated liver injury found 15 cases, only 6 rated as likely, none with tetracycline, 5 doxycycline, 1 lymecycline) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Reference looks non-PubMed-oriented or lacks enough normalized metadata for lookup.

Bruguera M, Padrós J. [Acute hepatitis associated with treatment with minocycline] Med Clin (Barc). 1997; 108: 596. PMID: 9280793

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Bruguera M, Padrós J | Year: 1997 | Title: [Acute hepatitis associated with treatment with minocycline] Med Clin (Barc)

DOI: n/a | PMID: 9280793

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

[Acute hepatitis associated with treatment with minocycline]. | Bruguera M, Padrós J | 1997 | PMID 9280793

Parsed title differs from the returned PubMed title.

(18 year old woman found to have enzyme elevations without symptoms or jaundice 1 month after starting minocycline [bilirubin normal, ALT 283, Alk P normal, ANA negative], resolving within 2-3 months of stopping).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (18 year old woman found to have enzyme elevations without symptoms or jaundice 1 month after starting minocycline [bilirubin normal, ALT 283, Alk P normal, ANA negative], resolving within 2-3 months of stopping) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Crosson J, Stillman MT. Minocycline-related lupus erythematosus with associated liver disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 36 (5 Pt 2): 867-8. PMID: 9146570

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Crosson J, Stillman MT | Year: 1997 | Title: Minocycline-related lupus erythematosus with associated liver disease

DOI: n/a | PMID: 9146570

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Minocycline-related lupus erythematosus with associated liver disease. | Crosson J, Stillman MT | 1997 | PMID 9146570

(22 year old woman developed arthralgias 2 years after starting minocycline therapy for acne [bilirubin 0.9 mgdL, ALT 292 U/L, Alk P 64 U/L, ANA 1:80], symptoms resolving rapidly upon stopping, but recurring abruptly after a single tablet, and serum ALT remained elevated for another 2 months before resolving).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (22 year old woman developed arthralgias 2 years after starting minocycline therapy for acne [bilirubin 0.9 mgdL, ALT 292 U/L, Alk P 64 U/L, ANA 1:80], symptoms resolving rapidly upon stopping, but recurring abruptly after a single tablet, and serum ALT remained elevated for another 2 months before resolving) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Reference looks non-PubMed-oriented or lacks enough normalized metadata for lookup.

Golstein PE, Deviere J, Cremer M. Acute hepatitis and drug-related lupus induced by minocycline treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 143-6. PMID: 8995955

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Golstein PE, Deviere J, Cremer M | Year: 1997 | Title: Acute hepatitis and drug-related lupus induced by minocycline treatment

DOI: n/a | PMID: 8995955

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Acute hepatitis and drug-related lupus induced by minocycline treatment. | Golstein PE, Deviere J, Cremer M | 1997 | PMID 8995955

(19 year old man developed fatigue, weight loss, arthralgias and liver test abnormalities after 20 months of therapy with minocycline for acne [bilirubin normal, ALT 374 U/L, Alk P normal, ANA 1:640, IgG 2280 mg/dL], resolving upon stopping, but ANA persisted in high titer [1:1280 9 months later]).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (19 year old man developed fatigue, weight loss, arthralgias and liver test abnormalities after 20 months of therapy with minocycline for acne [bilirubin normal, ALT 374 U/L, Alk P normal, ANA 1:640, IgG 2280 mg/dL], resolving upon stopping, but ANA persisted in high titer [1:1280 9 months later]) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Reference looks non-PubMed-oriented or lacks enough normalized metadata for lookup.

Hoefnagel JJ, van Leeuwen RL, Mattie H, Bastiaens MT. [Side effects of minocycline in the treatment of acne vulgaris] Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1997; 141: 1424-7. Dutch. PMID: 9542866

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Hoefnagel JJ, van Leeuwen RL, Mattie H, Bastiaens MT | Year: 1997 | Title: [Side effects of minocycline in the treatment of acne vulgaris] Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1997; 141: 1424-7

DOI: n/a | PMID: 9542866

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

[Side effects of minocycline in the treatment of acne vulgaris]. | Hoefnagel JJ, van Leeuwen RL, Mattie H, Bastiaens MT | 1997 | PMID 9542866

Parsed title differs from the returned PubMed title.

(Editorial on association of minocycline with lupus, autoimmune hepatitis, vasculitis and serum sickness-like syndromes).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (Editorial on association of minocycline with lupus, autoimmune hepatitis, vasculitis and serum sickness-like syndromes) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Shapiro LE, Knowles SR, Shear NH. Comparative safety of tetracycline, minocycline, and doxycycline. Arch Dermatol 1997; 133: 1224-30. PMID: 9382560

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Shapiro LE, Knowles SR, Shear NH | Year: 1997 | Title: Comparative safety of tetracycline, minocycline, and doxycycline

DOI: n/a | PMID: 9382560

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Comparative safety of tetracycline, minocycline, and doxycycline. | Shapiro LE, Knowles SR, Shear NH | 1997 | PMID 9382560

(Review of toxicity of tetracyclines from literature and a Canadian database; minocycline had the highest rates of adverse events, but all were relatively safe: no lupus-like syndrome associated with doxycycline or tetracycline).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (Review of toxicity of tetracyclines from literature and a Canadian database; minocycline had the highest rates of adverse events, but all were relatively safe: no lupus-like syndrome associated with doxycycline or tetracycline) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Angulo JM, Sigal LH, Espinoza LR. Coexistent minocycline-induced systemic lupus erythematosus and autoimmune hepatitis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1998; 28: 187-92. PMID: 9872479

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Angulo JM, Sigal LH, Espinoza LR | Year: 1998 | Title: Coexistent minocycline-induced systemic lupus erythematosus and autoimmune hepatitis

DOI: n/a | PMID: 9872479

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Coexistent minocycline-induced systemic lupus erythematosus and autoimmune hepatitis. | Angulo JM, Sigal LH, Espinoza LR | 1998 | PMID 9872479

(22 year old woman with arthralgias and jaundice after 1 year of minocycline therapy for acne [bilirubin 3.2 mg/dL, ALT 916 U/L, Alk P 204 U/L, ANA 1:640], resolving upon stopping, but arthralgias required prednisone for 18 months).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (22 year old woman with arthralgias and jaundice after 1 year of minocycline therapy for acne [bilirubin 3.2 mg/dL, ALT 916 U/L, Alk P 204 U/L, ANA 1:640], resolving upon stopping, but arthralgias required prednisone for 18 months) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

This matched reference is not currently expected to validate against PubMed.

External validation was recorded without a normalized source summary

Reference looks non-PubMed-oriented or lacks enough normalized metadata for lookup.

Bhat G, Jordan J Jr, Sokalski S, Bajaj V, Marshall R, Berkelhammer C. Minocycline-induced hepatitis with autoimmune features and neutropenia. J Clin Gastroenterol 1998; 27: 74-5. PMID: 9706776

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Bhat G, Jordan J Jr, Sokalski S, Bajaj V, Marshall R, Berkelhammer C | Year: 1998 | Title: Minocycline-induced hepatitis with autoimmune features and neutropenia

DOI: n/a | PMID: 9706776

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Minocycline-induced hepatitis with autoimmune features and neutropenia. | Bhat G, Jordan J, Sokalski S, et al | 1998 | PMID 9706776

Parsed author summary differs from the returned PubMed authors.

(18 year old man developed hepatitis after 2 years of intermittent therapy with minocycline [bilirubin 4.8 mg/dL, ALT 1270 U/L, Alk P 117 U/L, ANA 1:1280], rapid response to prednisone and no relapse when stopped).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (18 year old man developed hepatitis after 2 years of intermittent therapy with minocycline [bilirubin 4.8 mg/dL, ALT 1270 U/L, Alk P 117 U/L, ANA 1:1280], rapid response to prednisone and no relapse when stopped) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Matteson EL, Johnson BW, Maher JD. Arthralgias, myalgias, and autoimmune hepatitis with minocycline therapy. J Rheumatol 1998; 25: 1653-4. PMID: 9712119

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Matteson EL, Johnson BW, Maher JD | Year: 1998 | Title: Arthralgias, myalgias, and autoimmune hepatitis with minocycline therapy

DOI: n/a | PMID: 9712119

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Arthralgias, myalgias, and autoimmune hepatitis with minocycline therapy. | Matteson EL, Johnson BW, Maher JD | 1998 | PMID 9712119

(20 year old man developed fever and arthralgias after taking minocycline for 5 years for acne [no mention of bilirubin or jaundice, ALT 307 U/L, ANA 1:5280], full recovery 4 weeks after stopping).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (20 year old man developed fever and arthralgias after taking minocycline for 5 years for acne [no mention of bilirubin or jaundice, ALT 307 U/L, ANA 1:5280], full recovery 4 weeks after stopping) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Pavese P, Sarrot-Reynauld F, Bonadona A, Massot C. [Immunoallergic reaction with hepatitis induced by minocycline] Ann Med Interne (Paris) 1998; 149: 521-3. French. PMID: 10021906

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Pavese P, Sarrot-Reynauld F, Bonadona A, Massot C | Year: 1998 | Title: [Immunoallergic reaction with hepatitis induced by minocycline] Ann Med Interne (Paris) 1998; 149: 521-3

DOI: n/a | PMID: 10021906

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

[Immunoallergic reaction with hepatitis induced by minocycline]. | Pavese P, Sarrot-Reynauld F, Bonadona A, Massot C | 1998 | PMID 10021906

Parsed title differs from the returned PubMed title.

(19 year old woman developed lupus-like syndrome and hepatitis after 2 years of minocycline therapy, resolving within 2 months of stopping).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (19 year old woman developed lupus-like syndrome and hepatitis after 2 years of minocycline therapy, resolving within 2 months of stopping) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Teitelbaum JE, Perez-Atayde AR, Cohen M, Bousvaros A, Jonas MM. Minocycline-related autoimmune hepatitis: case series and literature review. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998; 152: 1132-6. PMID: 9811293

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Teitelbaum JE, Perez-Atayde AR, Cohen M, Bousvaros A, Jonas MM | Year: 1998 | Title: Minocycline-related autoimmune hepatitis: case series and literature review

DOI: n/a | PMID: 9811293

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Minocycline-related autoimmune hepatitis: case series and literature review. | Teitelbaum JE, Perez-Atayde AR, Cohen M, et al | 1998 | PMID 9811293

Parsed author summary differs from the returned PubMed authors.

(Three case reports of chronic autoimmune-like hepatitis in 15-16 year olds, arising 1-1.5 years after starting minocycline for acne [bilirubin normal to 26 mg/dL, ALT 363, 988 and 904 U/L, Alk P normal, all with ANA and high IgG], resolving in 2 to 9 months, 2 treated with prednisone; literature review).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (Three case reports of chronic autoimmune-like hepatitis in 15-16 year olds, arising 1-1.5 years after starting minocycline for acne [bilirubin normal to 26 mg/dL, ALT 363, 988 and 904 U/L, Alk P normal, all with ANA and high IgG], resolving in 2 to 9 months, 2 treated with prednisone; literature review) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

This matched reference is not currently expected to validate against PubMed.

External validation was recorded without a normalized source summary

Reference looks non-PubMed-oriented or lacks enough normalized metadata for lookup.

Angulo JM, Sigal LH, Espinoza LR. Minocycline induced lupus and autoimmune hepatitis. J Rheumatol 1999; 26: 1420-1. PMID: 10381074

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Angulo JM, Sigal LH, Espinoza LR | Year: 1999 | Title: Minocycline induced lupus and autoimmune hepatitis

DOI: n/a | PMID: 10381074

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Minocycline induced lupus and autoimmune hepatitis. | Angulo JM, Sigal LH, Espinoza LR | 1999 | PMID 10381074

(22 year old woman had sudden onset of arthralgias and then jaundice after a year of minocycline for acne [bilirubin 3.2 mg/dL, ALT 916 U/L, Alk P 204 U/L, ANA 1:2560], biopsy showing chronic hepatitis, resolving rapidly upon stopping, but arthralgias required long term prednisone).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (22 year old woman had sudden onset of arthralgias and then jaundice after a year of minocycline for acne [bilirubin 3.2 mg/dL, ALT 916 U/L, Alk P 204 U/L, ANA 1:2560], biopsy showing chronic hepatitis, resolving rapidly upon stopping, but arthralgias required long term prednisone) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Reference looks non-PubMed-oriented or lacks enough normalized metadata for lookup.

Dadamessi I, Leduc I, Duché A, et al. [Autoimmune hepatitis and lupus syndrome associated with minocycline] Rev Med Interne 1999; 20: 930-3. French. PMID: 10573731

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Dadamessi I, Leduc I, Duché A, et al | Year: 1999 | Title: [Autoimmune hepatitis and lupus syndrome associated with minocycline] Rev Med Interne 1999; 20: 930-3

DOI: n/a | PMID: 10573731

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

[Autoimmune hepatitis and lupus syndrome associated with minocycline]. | Dadamessi I, Leduc I, Duché A, et al | 1999 | PMID 10573731

Parsed title differs from the returned PubMed title.

(25 year old woman had two episodes of ALT elevations [peak 266 and 256 U/L, ANA 1:140 and 1:320] arising during minocycline therapy [first asymptomatic, second with arthralgias], resolving each time with discontinuation).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (25 year old woman had two episodes of ALT elevations [peak 266 and 256 U/L, ANA 1:140 and 1:320] arising during minocycline therapy [first asymptomatic, second with arthralgias], resolving each time with discontinuation) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

This matched reference is not currently expected to validate against PubMed.

External validation was recorded without a normalized source summary

Reference looks non-PubMed-oriented or lacks enough normalized metadata for lookup.

Elkayam O, Yaron M, Caspi D. Minocycline-induced autoimmune syndromes: an overview. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1999; 28: 392-7. PMID: 10406406

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Elkayam O, Yaron M, Caspi D | Year: 1999 | Title: Minocycline-induced autoimmune syndromes: an overview

DOI: n/a | PMID: 10406406

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Minocycline-induced autoimmune syndromes: an overview. | Elkayam O, Yaron M, Caspi D | 1999 | PMID 10406406

(Systematic review of literature on autoimmune syndromes from minocycline, 4 patterns: serum sickness, lupus-like syndrome, autoimmune hepatitis and vasculitis; usually presenting after 1-20 years, ANA common but so is pANCA, features may overlap, hepatitis most common: 66 cases reported).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (Systematic review of literature on autoimmune syndromes from minocycline, 4 patterns: serum sickness, lupus-like syndrome, autoimmune hepatitis and vasculitis; usually presenting after 1-20 years, ANA common but so is pANCA, features may overlap, hepatitis most common: 66 cases reported) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Westermann GW, Böhm M, Bonsmann G, Rahn KH, Kisters K. Chronic intoxication by doxycycline use for more than 12 years. J Intern Med 1999; 246: 591-2. PMID: 10620103

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Westermann GW, Böhm M, Bonsmann G, Rahn KH, Kisters K | Year: 1999 | Title: Chronic intoxication by doxycycline use for more than 12 years

DOI: n/a | PMID: 10620103

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Chronic intoxication by doxycycline use for more than 12 years. | Westermann GW, Böhm M, Bonsmann G, et al | 1999 | PMID 10620103

Parsed author summary differs from the returned PubMed authors.

(38 year old man took large doses of doxycycline chronically and developed repeated bouts of mild jaundice [bilirubin 3.4-5.0 mg/dL, ALT 44-118 U/L, Alk P 466 U/L] and weakness, skin discoloration and heart block, resolving upon stopping).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (38 year old man took large doses of doxycycline chronically and developed repeated bouts of mild jaundice [bilirubin 3.4-5.0 mg/dL, ALT 44-118 U/L, Alk P 466 U/L] and weakness, skin discoloration and heart block, resolving upon stopping) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Reference looks non-PubMed-oriented or lacks enough normalized metadata for lookup.

Sturkenboom MC, Meier CR, Jick H, Stricker BH. Minocycline and lupuslike syndrome in acne patients. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159: 493-7. PMID: 10074958

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Sturkenboom MC, Meier CR, Jick H, Stricker BH | Year: 1999 | Title: Minocycline and lupuslike syndrome in acne patients

DOI: n/a | PMID: 10074958

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Minocycline and lupuslike syndrome in acne patients. | Sturkenboom MC, Meier CR, Jick H, Stricker BH | 1999 | PMID 10074958

(Case control study in 27,688 acne patients in UK database, risk of lupus increased 8.5 fold in minocycline treated patients, not with other tetracyclines, typically long term therapy; liver involvement not mentioned; more common in women, absolute risk low).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (Case control study in 27,688 acne patients in UK database, risk of lupus increased 8.5 fold in minocycline treated patients, not with other tetracyclines, typically long term therapy; liver involvement not mentioned; more common in women, absolute risk low) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Colmegna I, Perandones CE, Chaves JG. Minocycline induced lupus and autoimmune hepatitis. J Rheumatol 2000; 27: 1567-8. PMID: 10852297

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Colmegna I, Perandones CE, Chaves JG | Year: 2000 | Title: Minocycline induced lupus and autoimmune hepatitis

DOI: n/a | PMID: 10852297

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Minocycline induced lupus and autoimmune hepatitis. | Colmegna I, Perandones CE, Chaves JG | 2000 | PMID 10852297

(22 year old woman developed fever and polyarthralgias after 40 days of 9th course of minocycline for acne [bilirubin 4.9 mg/dL, ALT 1300 U/L and ESR 100], resolving rapidly but with prolonged rheumatological complaints requiring prednisone long term: ANA negative).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (22 year old woman developed fever and polyarthralgias after 40 days of 9th course of minocycline for acne [bilirubin 4.9 mg/dL, ALT 1300 U/L and ESR 100], resolving rapidly but with prolonged rheumatological complaints requiring prednisone long term: ANA negative) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Goldstein NS, Bayati N, Silverman AL, Gordon SC. Minocycline as a cause of drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis. Report of four cases and comparison with autoimmune hepatitis. Am J Clin Pathol 2000; 114: 591-8. PMID: 11026106

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Goldstein NS, Bayati N, Silverman AL, Gordon SC | Year: 2000 | Title: Minocycline as a cause of drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis

DOI: n/a | PMID: 11026106

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Minocycline as a cause of drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis. Report of four cases and comparison with autoimmune hepatitis. | Goldstein NS, Bayati N, Silverman AL, Gordon SC | 2000 | PMID 11026106

Parsed title differs from the returned PubMed title.

(Four cases of minocycline hepatitis and comparison to 10 spontaneous autoimmune hepatitis cases showed no distinguishing features except resolution with stopping drug; 16-52 year old women developed liver injury 4 months to 12 years after starting minocycline [bilirubin 0.4, 1.2, 6.5 and 7.3 mg/dL, ALT 137, 343, 700, and 1288 U/L, Alk P 49, 83, 138 and 253 U/L, all ANA positive], histology showed fibrosis in 2, all responded to prednisone with resolution persisting after stopping corticosteroids).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (Four cases of minocycline hepatitis and comparison to 10 spontaneous autoimmune hepatitis cases showed no distinguishing features except resolution with stopping drug; 16-52 year old women developed liver injury 4 months to 12 years after starting minocycline [bilirubin 0.4, 1.2, 6.5 and 7.3 mg/dL, ALT 137, 343, 700, and 1288 U/L, Alk P 49, 83, 138 and 253 U/L, all ANA positive], histology showed fibrosis in 2, all responded to prednisone with resolution persisting after stopping corticosteroids) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Lawrenson RA, Seaman HE, Sundström A, Williams TJ, Farmer RD. Liver damage associated with minocycline use in acne: a systematic review of the published literature and pharmacovigilance data. Drug Saf 2000; 23: 333-49. PMID: 11051220

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Lawrenson RA, Seaman HE, Sundström A, Williams TJ, Farmer RD | Year: 2000 | Title: Liver damage associated with minocycline use in acne: a systematic review of the published literature and pharmacovigilance data

DOI: n/a | PMID: 11051220

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Liver damage associated with minocycline use in acne: a systematic review of the published literature and pharmacovigilance data. | Lawrenson RA, Seaman HE, Sundström A, et al | 2000 | PMID 11051220

Parsed author summary differs from the returned PubMed authors.

(Systematic review of cases of liver injury from minocycline in patients with acne defining two patterns – acute and chronic with different latencies, associated findings and potential outcomes).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (Systematic review of cases of liver injury from minocycline in patients with acne defining two patterns – acute and chronic with different latencies, associated findings and potential outcomes) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Pohle T, Menzel J, Domschke W. Minocycline and fulminant hepatic failure necessitating liver transplantation. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 560-1. PMID: 10685779

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Pohle T, Menzel J, Domschke W | Year: 2000 | Title: Minocycline and fulminant hepatic failure necessitating liver transplantation

DOI: n/a | PMID: 10685779

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Minocycline and fulminant hepatic failure necessitating liver transplantation. | Pohle T, Menzel J, Domschke W | 2000 | PMID 10685779

(20 year old woman given minocycline for 3 years for acne developed autoimmune hepatitis but did not stop minocycline and progressed to hepatic failure and need for transplant 2 months later [bilirubin 11.7 rising to 25.4 mg/dL, ALT 199 U/L, GGT 34 U/L, ANA positive, IgG 2220 mg/dL]).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (20 year old woman given minocycline for 3 years for acne developed autoimmune hepatitis but did not stop minocycline and progressed to hepatic failure and need for transplant 2 months later [bilirubin 11.7 rising to 25.4 mg/dL, ALT 199 U/L, GGT 34 U/L, ANA positive, IgG 2220 mg/dL]) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Tomer G, Shneider BL. Minocycline-induced hepatitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000; 30: 105-6. PMID: 10630451

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Tomer G, Shneider BL | Year: 2000 | Title: Minocycline-induced hepatitis

DOI: n/a | PMID: 10630451

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

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Minocycline-induced hepatitis. | Tomer G, Shneider BL | 2000 | PMID 10630451

(Editorial on minocycline and liver injury in children).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: n/a | Year: n/a | Title: (Editorial on minocycline and liver injury in children)

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Bachmeyer C, Cadranel JF. Minocycline-induced lupus and autoimmune hepatitis: family autoimmune disorders as possible risk factors. Dermatology 2002; 205: 185-6. PMID: 12218241

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Bachmeyer C, Cadranel JF | Year: 2002 | Title: Minocycline-induced lupus and autoimmune hepatitis: family autoimmune disorders as possible risk factors

DOI: n/a | PMID: 12218241

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Minocycline-induced lupus and autoimmune hepatitis: family autoimmune disorders as possible risk factors. | Bachmeyer C, Cadranel JF | 2002 | PMID 12218241

(15 year old girl treated for 3 years with minocycline for acne developed polyarthritis, but no jaundice [bilirubin normal, ALT 4 times ULN, Alk P normal, anti-DNA positive, ANA 1:1280], resolving slowly upon stopping with all tests normal at 6 months, except ANA which was still 1:320 12 months later).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (15 year old girl treated for 3 years with minocycline for acne developed polyarthritis, but no jaundice [bilirubin normal, ALT 4 times ULN, Alk P normal, anti-DNA positive, ANA 1:1280], resolving slowly upon stopping with all tests normal at 6 months, except ANA which was still 1:320 12 months later) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Abe M, Furukawa S, Takayama S, Michitaka K, Minami H, Yamamoto, Horiike N, et al. Drug-induced hepatitis with autoimmune features during minocycline therapy. Intern Med 2003; 42: 48-52. PMID: 12583618

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Abe M, Furukawa S, Takayama S, Michitaka K, Minami H, Yamamoto, Horiike N, et al | Year: 2003 | Title: Drug-induced hepatitis with autoimmune features during minocycline therapy

DOI: n/a | PMID: 12583618

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Drug-induced hepatitis with autoimmune features during minocycline therapy. | Abe M, Furukawa S, Takayama S, et al | 2003 | PMID 12583618

Parsed author summary differs from the returned PubMed authors.

(25 year old Japanese woman developed jaundice after 1 year of minocycline therapy for acne [bilirubin 23.7 mg/dL, ALT 2074 U/L, Alk P 138 U/L, IgG 2110 mg/dL, ANA 1:160], resolving with 3 month course of prednisone, no relapse with stopping).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (25 year old Japanese woman developed jaundice after 1 year of minocycline therapy for acne [bilirubin 23.7 mg/dL, ALT 2074 U/L, Alk P 138 U/L, IgG 2110 mg/dL, ANA 1:160], resolving with 3 month course of prednisone, no relapse with stopping) | Year: 2074 | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Real Martínez Y, Medina S. [Acute hepatitis and minocycline] Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2003; 95: 741-2. Spanish. PMID: 14588070

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Real Martínez Y, Medina S | Year: 2003 | Title: [Acute hepatitis and minocycline] Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2003; 95: 741-2

DOI: n/a | PMID: 14588070

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

[Acute hepatitis and minocycline]. | Real Martínez Y, Medina S | 2003 | PMID 14588070

Parsed title differs from the returned PubMed title.

(14 year old boy developed jaundice after 5 months of minocycline therapy for acne [bilirubin 5.1 mg/dL, ALT 2376 U/L, GGT 83 U/L, IgG 1734 mg/dL, ANA negative, SMA 1:320], treated with corticosteroids for 5 months and no relapse when stopped).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (14 year old boy developed jaundice after 5 months of minocycline therapy for acne [bilirubin 5.1 mg/dL, ALT 2376 U/L, GGT 83 U/L, IgG 1734 mg/dL, ANA negative, SMA 1:320], treated with corticosteroids for 5 months and no relapse when stopped) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Selimoglu MA, Ertekin V. Autoimmune hepatitis triggered by Brucella infection or doxycycline or both. Int J Clin Pract 2003; 57: 639-41. PMID: 14529072

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Selimoglu MA, Ertekin V | Year: 2003 | Title: Autoimmune hepatitis triggered by Brucella infection or doxycycline or both

DOI: n/a | PMID: 14529072

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Autoimmune hepatitis triggered by Brucella infection or doxycycline or both. | Selimoglu MA, Ertekin V | 2003 | PMID 14529072

(11 year old girl was found to have abnormal liver tests 3 weeks after finishing a 6 week course of doxycycline for acute brucellosis [bilirubin 1.2 mg/dL, ALT 222 U/L, Alk P 561 U/L, ANA negative, HLA B8 DRB1*03], a liver biopsy showing inflammation, necrosis and bridging fibrosis, improving on prednisone therapy, relapsing on stopping and ultimately requiring long term azathioprine therapy).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (11 year old girl was found to have abnormal liver tests 3 weeks after finishing a 6 week course of doxycycline for acute brucellosis [bilirubin 1.2 mg/dL, ALT 222 U/L, Alk P 561 U/L, ANA negative, HLA B8 DRB1*03], a liver biopsy showing inflammation, necrosis and bridging fibrosis, improving on prednisone therapy, relapsing on stopping and ultimately requiring long term azathioprine therapy) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Russo MW, Galanko JA, Shrestha R, Fried MW, Watkins P. Liver transplantation for acute liver failure from drug-induced liver injury in the United States. Liver Transpl 2004; 10: 1018-23. PMID: 15390328

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Russo MW, Galanko JA, Shrestha R, Fried MW, Watkins P | Year: 2004 | Title: Liver transplantation for acute liver failure from drug-induced liver injury in the United States

DOI: n/a | PMID: 15390328

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Liver transplantation for acute liver failure from drug induced liver injury in the United States. | Russo MW, Galanko JA, Shrestha R, et al | 2004 | PMID 15390328

Parsed author summary differs from the returned PubMed authors.

(Among ~50,000 liver transplants done in the US between 1990 and 2002, 270 [0.5%] were done for drug induced acute liver failure, none of which were attributed to minocycline, doxycycline or tetracycline).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (Among ~50,000 liver transplants done in the US between 1990 and 2002, 270 [0.5%] were done for drug induced acute liver failure, none of which were attributed to minocycline, doxycycline or tetracycline) | Year: 2002 | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Björnsson E, Jerlstad P, Bergqvist A, Olsson R. Fulminant drug-induced hepatic failure leading to death or liver transplantation in Sweden. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005; 40: 1095-1101. PMID: 16165719

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Björnsson E, Jerlstad P, Bergqvist A, Olsson R | Year: 2005 | Title: Fulminant drug-induced hepatic failure leading to death or liver transplantation in Sweden

DOI: n/a | PMID: 16165719

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Fulminant drug-induced hepatic failure leading to death or liver transplantation in Sweden. | Björnsson E, Jerlstad P, Bergqvist A, Olsson R | 2005 | PMID 16165719

(Among 103 cases of fulminant drug induced liver injury reported to a Swedish registry between 1966 and 2002, one case was attributed to doxycycline, but no other tetracycline mentioned).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (Among 103 cases of fulminant drug induced liver injury reported to a Swedish registry between 1966 and 2002, one case was attributed to doxycycline, but no other tetracycline mentioned) | Year: 2002 | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Fernández MC, Pelaez G, Pachkoria K, Garcia-Ruiz E, Garcia-Munoz B, et al. Drug-induced liver injury: an analysis of 461 incidences submitted to the Spanish Registry over a 10-year period. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 512-21. PMID: 16083708

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Fernández MC, Pelaez G, Pachkoria K, Garcia-Ruiz E, Garcia-Munoz B, et al | Year: 2005 | Title: Drug-induced liver injury: an analysis of 461 incidences submitted to the Spanish Registry over a 10-year period

DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.05.006 | PMID: 16083708

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Drug-induced liver injury: an analysis of 461 incidences submitted to the Spanish registry over a 10-year period. | Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Fernández MC, et al | 2005 | PMID 16083708

Parsed author summary differs from the returned PubMed authors.

(Reports to a Spanish network found 461 cases of drug induced liver disease; no tetracycline was listed among the top 20 agents implicated [at least 5 cases]).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: n/a | Year: n/a | Title: (Reports to a Spanish network found 461 cases of drug induced liver disease; no tetracycline was listed among the top 20 agents implicated [at least 5 cases])

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Smith K, Leyden JJ. Safety of doxycycline and minocycline: a systematic review. Clin Ther 2005; 27: 1329-42. PMID: 16291409

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Smith K, Leyden JJ | Year: 2005 | Title: Safety of doxycycline and minocycline: a systematic review

DOI: n/a | PMID: 16291409

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Safety of doxycycline and minocycline: a systematic review. | Smith K, Leyden JJ | 2005 | PMID 16291409

(Systematic review of overall safety of doxycycline and minocycline stressing overall low rate of adverse events [13-72 per million prescriptions]; little mention of liver toxicity).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: n/a | Year: n/a | Title: (Systematic review of overall safety of doxycycline and minocycline stressing overall low rate of adverse events [13-72 per million prescriptions]; little mention of liver toxicity)

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

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Galan MV, Potts JA, Silverman AL, Gordon SC. The burden of acute nonfulminant drug-induced hepatitis in a United States tertiary referral center. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 39: 64-7. PMID: 15599214

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Galan MV, Potts JA, Silverman AL, Gordon SC | Year: 2005 | Title: The burden of acute nonfulminant drug-induced hepatitis in a United States tertiary referral center

DOI: n/a | PMID: 15599214

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

The burden of acute nonfulminant drug-induced hepatitis in a United States tertiary referral center [corrected]. | Galan MV, Potts JA, Silverman AL, Gordon SC | 2005 | PMID 15599214

Parsed title differs from the returned PubMed title.

(Ten year experience of 96 patients with acute liver injury, 64 were due to viral hepatitis and 32 to drugs; minocycline accounted for 4 cases and ranked second in frequency [7 from amiodarone and 4 from amoxicillin/clavulanate]).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (Ten year experience of 96 patients with acute liver injury, 64 were due to viral hepatitis and 32 to drugs; minocycline accounted for 4 cases and ranked second in frequency [7 from amiodarone and 4 from amoxicillin/clavulanate]) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Chamberlain MC, Schwarzenberg SJ, Akin EU, Kurth MH. Minocycline-induced autoimmune hepatitis with subsequent cirrhosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006; 42: 232-5. PMID: 16456421

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Chamberlain MC, Schwarzenberg SJ, Akin EU, Kurth MH | Year: 2006 | Title: Minocycline-induced autoimmune hepatitis with subsequent cirrhosis

DOI: n/a | PMID: 16456421

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Minocycline-induced autoimmune hepatitis with subsequent cirrhosis. | Chamberlain MC, Schwarzenberg SJ, Akin EU, Kurth MH | 2006 | PMID 16456421

(15 year old boy developed signs of cirrhosis after 1 year of minocycline therapy [bilirubin 2.5 mg/dL, ALT 67-83 U/L, Alk P normal, ANA 1:40, anti-DNA positive], treated with 6-mercaptopurine and prednisone with only partial response and found to have cirrhosis on follow up liver biopsy).

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: (15 year old boy developed signs of cirrhosis after 1 year of minocycline therapy [bilirubin 2.5 mg/dL, ALT 67-83 U/L, Alk P normal, ANA 1:40, anti-DNA positive], treated with 6-mercaptopurine and prednisone with only partial response and found to have cirrhosis on follow up liver biopsy) | Year: n/a | Title: n/a

DOI: n/a | PMID: n/a

External validation: not applicable via skipped

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Reference looks non-PubMed-oriented or lacks enough normalized metadata for lookup.

Björnsson E, Olsson R. Suspected drug-induced liver fatalities reported to the WHO database. Dig Liver Dis 2006; 38: 33-8. PMID: 16054882

This reference was extracted successfully, but no in-text citation currently resolves to it.

Authors: Björnsson E, Olsson R | Year: 2006 | Title: Suspected drug-induced liver fatalities reported to the WHO database

DOI: n/a | PMID: 16054882

External validation: validated via pmid_exact

A PubMed-backed source record was validated for this matched reference.

Suspected drug-induced liver fatalities reported to the WHO database. | Björnsson E, Olsson R | 2006 | PMID 16054882